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The physical origin of active galactic nucleus torus probed by high resolution mm/submm emission lines

Research Project

Project/Area Number 17K14247
Research Category

Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B)

Allocation TypeMulti-year Fund
Research Field Astronomy
Research InstitutionNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Principal Investigator

IZUMI TAKUMA  国立天文台, ハワイ観測所, 特任助教 (40792932)

Project Period (FY) 2017-04-01 – 2020-03-31
Project Status Completed (Fiscal Year 2019)
Budget Amount *help
¥3,250,000 (Direct Cost: ¥2,500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥750,000)
Fiscal Year 2019: ¥780,000 (Direct Cost: ¥600,000、Indirect Cost: ¥180,000)
Fiscal Year 2018: ¥1,040,000 (Direct Cost: ¥800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥240,000)
Fiscal Year 2017: ¥1,430,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥330,000)
Keywords活動銀河核 / AGN / トーラス / サブミリ波 / ALMA / 輻射駆動噴水モデル / ガス輝線 / 活動銀河中心核 / 流体計算 / 電波天文学
Outline of Final Research Achievements

Active galactic nucleus (AGN) is an actively mass-accreting super massive black hole at the heart of galaxies. It has been long thought that there is a donut-like dusty/gaseous structure around an AGN, which is called as "AGN torus": this is a key structure to discuss AGN physical properties and its cosmological evolution. However, since the advent of the torus paradigm, its physical origin has been unclear for 30 yrs. In this study, we considered a new model for the origin of the torus, namely "radiation-driven fountain torus model", in which multi-phase gas dynamics driven by the AGN radiation naturally forms a geometrically thick donut-like structure. We tested this model by high resolution submm molecular and atomic gas observations with ALMA. We successfully obtained very consistent results to the model predictions, which surely supports the validity of this fountain model as the physical origin of the torus, a long-lasting mystery of modern astronomy.

Academic Significance and Societal Importance of the Research Achievements

活動銀河核トーラスは、宇宙の古今にわたる活動銀河核、すなわち超巨大ブラックホールの周辺構造の中でも根幹をなす重要構造である。その一方で、提唱から30年以上にわたってその物理的な形成過程は不明なままで、いわゆる「ドーナツ型」モデルが便宜的に利用されてきた。本研究では、そのトーラスの物理的起源を「輻射駆動されたガスの噴水構造」にあるとし、ALMAを用いた最新の高解像度観測からその検証を行なった。観測結果は理論予測と非常によく整合しており、輻射駆動噴水モデルの妥当性を示している。これにより、トーラスは決して静的な構造ではなく、多相ガスが織りなす非常にダイナミックな構造であることが明らかとなった。

Report

(4 results)
  • 2019 Annual Research Report   Final Research Report ( PDF )
  • 2018 Research-status Report
  • 2017 Research-status Report
  • Research Products

    (60 results)

All 2020 2019 2018 2017 Other

All Int'l Joint Research (7 results) Journal Article (13 results) (of which Int'l Joint Research: 10 results,  Peer Reviewed: 13 results,  Open Access: 2 results) Presentation (38 results) (of which Int'l Joint Research: 20 results,  Invited: 23 results) Book (1 results) Remarks (1 results)

  • [Int'l Joint Research] Observatorio de Madrid(スペイン)

    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] Max Planck Institute for Astronomy(ドイツ)

    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] Observatorio de Madrid(スペイン)

    • Related Report
      2018 Research-status Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] European Southern Observatory/MPIE/Max Planck Institute for Astronomy(ドイツ)

    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] Joint ALMA Observatory/European Southern Observatory(チリ)

    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] Chalmers University of Technology/Onsala Observatory(スウェーデン)

    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] UCLA(米国)

    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
  • [Journal Article] ALMA Spatially Resolved Dense Molecular Gas Survey of Nearby Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies2019

    • Author(s)
      Imanishi Masatoshi、Nakanishi Kouichiro、Izumi Takuma
    • Journal Title

      The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series

      Volume: 241 Issue: 2 Pages: 19-19

    • DOI

      10.3847/1538-4365/ab05b9

    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] A Chandra and ALMA study of X-ray-irradiated gas in the central < 100 pc of the Circinus galaxy2019

    • Author(s)
      Kawamuro Taiki、Izumi Takuma、Imanishi Masatoshi
    • Journal Title

      Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan

      Volume: 71 Issue: 4 Pages: 68-86

    • DOI

      10.1093/pasj/psz045

    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Nuclear molecular outflow in the Seyfert galaxy NGC 32272019

    • Author(s)
      Alonso-Herrero A.、Garcia-Burillo S.、Pereira-Santaella M.、Davies R. I.、Combes F.、Vestergaard M.、Raimundo S. I.、Bunker A.、Diaz-Santos T.、Gandhi P.、Garcia-Bernete I.、Hicks E. K. S.、Honig S. F.、Hunt L. K.、Imanishi M.、et al.
    • Journal Title

      Astronomy & Astrophysics

      Volume: 628 Pages: 65-81

    • DOI

      10.1051/0004-6361/201935431

    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Circumnuclear Multiphase Gas in the Circinus Galaxy. II. The Molecular and Atomic Obscuring Structures Revealed with ALMA2018

    • Author(s)
      Izumi, Takuma; Wada, Keiichi; Fukushige, Ryosuke; Hamamura, Sota; Kohno, Kotaro
    • Journal Title

      The Astrophysical Journal

      Volume: 867 Issue: 1 Pages: 48-67

    • DOI

      10.3847/1538-4357/aae20b

    • Related Report
      2018 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Supermassive black holes with higher Eddington ratios preferentially form in gas-rich galaxies2018

    • Author(s)
      Izumi, T
    • Journal Title

      Publication of the Astronomical Society of Japan

      Volume: 印刷中

    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Circumnuclear Multi-phase Gas in the Circinus Galaxy. I. Non-LTE Calculations of CO Lines2018

    • Author(s)
      Wada Keiichi、Fukushige Ryosuke、Izumi Takuma、Tomisaka Kohji
    • Journal Title

      The Astrophysical Journal

      Volume: 852 Issue: 2 Pages: 88-88

    • DOI

      10.3847/1538-4357/aa9e53

    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] ALMA Reveals an Inhomogeneous Compact Rotating Dense Molecular Torus at the NGC 1068 Nucleus2018

    • Author(s)
      Imanishi Masatoshi、Nakanishi Kouichiro、Izumi Takuma、Wada Keiichi
    • Journal Title

      The Astrophysical Journal Letters

      Volume: 853 Issue: 2 Pages: L25-L25

    • DOI

      10.3847/2041-8213/aaa8df

    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] On the Disappearance of a Cold Molecular Torus around the Low-luminosity Active Galactic Nucleus of NGC 10972017

    • Author(s)
      Izumi T.、Kohno K.、Fathi K.、Hatziminaoglou E.、Davies R. I.、Martin S.、Matsushita S.、Schinnerer E.、Espada D.、Aalto S.、Onishi K.、Turner J. L.、Imanishi M.、Nakanishi K.、Meier D. S.、Wada K.、Kawakatu N.、Nakajima T.
    • Journal Title

      The Astrophysical Journal Letters

      Volume: 845 Issue: 1 Pages: 5-12

    • DOI

      10.3847/2041-8213/aa808f

    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] A statistical study of giant molecular clouds traced by13CO, C18O, CS, and CH3OH in the disk of NGC1068 based on ALMA observations2017

    • Author(s)
      Tosaki Tomoka、Kohno Kotaro、Harada Nanase、Tanaka Kunihiko、Egusa Fumi、Izumi Takuma、Takano Shuro、Nakajima Taku、Taniguchi Akio、Tamura Yoichi
    • Journal Title

      Publication of the Astronomical Society of Japan

      Volume: 69 Issue: 2

    • DOI

      10.1093/pasj/psw122

    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Disentangling the Circumnuclear Environs of Centaurus A. III. An Inner Molecular Ring, Nuclear Shocks, and the CO to Warm H2 Interface2017

    • Author(s)
      Espada D.、Matsushita S.、Miura R. E.、Israel F. P.、Neumayer N.、Martin S.、Henkel C.、Izumi T.、Iono D.、Aalto S.、Ott J.、Peck A. B.、Quillen A. C.、Kohno K.
    • Journal Title

      The Astrophysical Journal

      Volume: 843 Issue: 2 Pages: 136-136

    • DOI

      10.3847/1538-4357/aa78a9

    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Blind Millimeter Line Emitter Search using ALMA Data Toward Gravitational Lensing Clusters2017

    • Author(s)
      Yamaguchi Yuki、Kohno Kotaro、Tamura Yoichi、Oguri Masamune、Ezawa Hajime、Hayatsu Natsuki H.、Kitayama Tetsu、Matsuda Yuichi、Matsuo Hiroshi、Oshima Tai、Ota Naomi、Izumi Takuma、Umehata Hideki
    • Journal Title

      The Astrophysical Journal

      Volume: 845 Issue: 2 Pages: 108-108

    • DOI

      10.3847/1538-4357/aa80e0

    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] ALMA Multiple-transition Molecular Line Observations of the Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxy IRAS 20551-4250: Different HCN, HCO+, and HNC Excitation, and Implications for Infrared Radiative Pumping2017

    • Author(s)
      Imanishi Masatoshi、Nakanishi Kouichiro、Izumi Takuma
    • Journal Title

      The Astrophysical Journal

      Volume: 849 Issue: 1 Pages: 29-29

    • DOI

      10.3847/1538-4357/aa7ff9

    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Diverse Nuclear Star-forming Activities in the Heart of NGC 253 Resolved with 10-pc-scale ALMA Images2017

    • Author(s)
      Ando Ryo、Nakanishi Kouichiro、Kohno Kotaro、Izumi Takuma、Martin Sergio、Harada Nanase、Takano Shuro、Kuno Nario、Nakai Naomasa、Sugai Hajime、Sorai Kazuo、Tosaki Tomoka、Matsubayashi Kazuya、Nakajima Taku、Nishimura Yuri、Tamura Yoichi
    • Journal Title

      The Astrophysical Journal

      Volume: 849 Issue: 2 Pages: 81-81

    • DOI

      10.3847/1538-4357/aa8fd4

    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Cold Molecular and Atomic Gas Observations Toward Nearby Luminous AGNs2020

    • Author(s)
      泉拓磨
    • Organizer
      East-Asia ALMA Science Workshop
    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Cold Molecular and Atomic Gas Observations Toward Nearby Luminous AGNs2020

    • Author(s)
      泉拓磨
    • Organizer
      IAU Symposium 359: Galaxy Evolution and Feedbacl Across Different Environments (GALFEED)
    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] 初期宇宙における超巨大ブラックホールと銀河の共進化関係2019

    • Author(s)
      泉拓磨
    • Organizer
      第6回超巨大ブラックホール研究推進連絡会
    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] Rapid evolution and transformation into quiescence?: ALMA view on z > 6 low-luminosity quasars2019

    • Author(s)
      泉拓磨
    • Organizer
      IAU symposium 352 Uncovering early galaxy evolution in the ALMA and JWST era
    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Multi-phase obscuring structures revealed in the Circinus galaxy2019

    • Author(s)
      泉拓磨
    • Organizer
      EWASS2019
    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Molecular and Atomic Line Survey Toward the Type-1 Seyfert Galaxy NGC 74692019

    • Author(s)
      泉拓磨
    • Organizer
      Behind the Curtain of Dust III
    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] 活動銀河中心核をとりまく多相星間物質の物理化学的性質2019

    • Author(s)
      泉拓磨
    • Organizer
      Galaxy ISM/IGM Workshop
    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] High-resolution MIR study on AGN2019

    • Author(s)
      泉拓磨
    • Organizer
      MIR Astronomy Workshop
    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] AGNトーラスとアウトフロー研究に対する期待2019

    • Author(s)
      泉拓磨
    • Organizer
      AGN核周領域とその関連研究ワークショップ
    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] SPICAとTHz観測の協同で挑む銀河天文学の考察2019

    • Author(s)
      泉拓磨
    • Organizer
      テラヘルツ波が拓く新しい宇宙像
    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] Less-biased shape of the early quasar-galaxy evolution2019

    • Author(s)
      泉拓磨
    • Organizer
      Cosmic evolution of Quasars: from the First Light to Local Relics
    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] ALMAによる高解像度観測で調べるAGNトーラスの物理的起源2019

    • Author(s)
      泉拓磨
    • Organizer
      国立天文台談話会
    • Related Report
      2018 Research-status Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] My collaboration in Kagoshima: to understand the multi-phase obscuring nature of AGNs2019

    • Author(s)
      Takuma Izumi
    • Organizer
      AGARC Symposium
    • Related Report
      2018 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Circumnuclear Molecular and Atomic Obscuring Structure in the Circinus Galaxy Revealed by ALMA2019

    • Author(s)
      Takuma Izumi
    • Organizer
      East-Asia AGN Workshop
    • Related Report
      2018 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] The Circumnuclear Multi-phase Torus in the Circinus Galaxy Revealed by ALMA2018

    • Author(s)
      泉拓磨
    • Organizer
      銀河進化ワークショップ
    • Related Report
      2018 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] ALMA高解像度観測で調べるAGNトーラスの構造と物理的起源2018

    • Author(s)
      泉拓磨
    • Organizer
      京都大学宇宙物理学教室談話会
    • Related Report
      2018 Research-status Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] ALMA Reveals the Molecular and Atomic Obscuring Structures in the Circinus Galaxy2018

    • Author(s)
      Takuma Izumi
    • Organizer
      Astrophysical Frontiers in the next Decade and Beyond
    • Related Report
      2018 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] ミリ波サブミリ波観測で挑む活動銀河中心核サイエンスの最前線2018

    • Author(s)
      泉拓磨
    • Organizer
      天文・天体物理若手夏の学校
    • Related Report
      2018 Research-status Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] AGN輻射駆動噴水モデルIII: Circinus銀河におけるALMA観測との比較2018

    • Author(s)
      泉拓磨
    • Organizer
      日本天文学会秋季年会
    • Related Report
      2018 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] ALMA gives a nobel view on the physical origin of an AGN "torus"2018

    • Author(s)
      Takuma Izumi
    • Organizer
      Observatorio de Madrid Seminar
    • Related Report
      2018 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Circumnuclear Multi-phase Gas in the Circinus Galaxy Revealed with ALMA2018

    • Author(s)
      Takuma Izumi
    • Organizer
      Torus 2018 workshop
    • Related Report
      2018 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] 多波長観測・理論との協働で進めるAGN・QSO研究2018

    • Author(s)
      泉拓磨
    • Organizer
      宇宙電波懇談会シンポジウム2018
    • Related Report
      2018 Research-status Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] ミリ波サブミリ波観測で挑む超巨大ブラックホール進化2018

    • Author(s)
      泉拓磨
    • Organizer
      超巨大ブラックホール研究推進連絡会 第5回ワークショップ
    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] ミリ波サブミリ波帯観測で探る活動銀河中心核2018

    • Author(s)
      泉拓磨
    • Organizer
      宇宙進化研究センター談話会
    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] 高感度・高分解能テラヘルツ帯観測で探るAGN周辺環境2018

    • Author(s)
      泉拓磨
    • Organizer
      南極30m級テラヘルツ望遠鏡計画 - 高赤方偏移銀河・AGNの観測
    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] SHELLQs-ALMA: submm properties of galaxies hosting less-luminous quasars at z > 62017

    • Author(s)
      泉拓磨
    • Organizer
      第4回銀河進化研究会
    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] MM/submm energy diagnostic in the ALMA era2017

    • Author(s)
      泉拓磨
    • Organizer
      Elusive AGN in the next era
    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Do Circumnuclear Dense Gas Disks Drive the Growth of SMBHs?2017

    • Author(s)
      泉拓磨
    • Organizer
      Behind the Curtain of Dust II
    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Feeding, feedback, and evolution of active galactic nuclei revealed by ALMA2017

    • Author(s)
      泉拓磨
    • Organizer
      ALMA-J seminar
    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] SHELLQs-ALMA: submm properties of galaxies hosting less-luminous quasars at z > 62017

    • Author(s)
      泉拓磨
    • Organizer
      天体形成論研究会
    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Ultra-high resolution study of AGN dusty/molecular tori and the surrounding environments2017

    • Author(s)
      泉拓磨
    • Organizer
      ALMA Long Baseline Workshop
    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] ALMA observations of cold ISM toward AGN-host galaxies near and far2017

    • Author(s)
      泉拓磨
    • Organizer
      北海道大・宇宙物理教室速報セミナー
    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] ALMA observations of cold ISM toward AGN-host galaxies near and far2017

    • Author(s)
      泉拓磨
    • Organizer
      ISAS Seminar
    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] ミリ波サブミリ波観測から期待する埋もれたAGN探査2017

    • Author(s)
      泉拓磨
    • Organizer
      第1回missing black holeワークショップ
    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] On the disappearance of a cold molecular torus around the low-luminosity active galactic nucleus of NGC 10972017

    • Author(s)
      泉拓磨
    • Organizer
      East-Asia ALMA Science Workshop 2017
    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Early SMBH-galaxy co-evolution probed by SPICA2017

    • Author(s)
      泉拓磨
    • Organizer
      SPICA国内ワークショップ
    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] SHELLQs-ALMA: submm properties of galaxies hosting less-luminous quasars at z > 62017

    • Author(s)
      泉拓磨
    • Organizer
      Distant Galaxies from the Far South
    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] SHELLQs-ALMA: submm properties of galaxies hosting less-luminous quasars at z > 62017

    • Author(s)
      泉拓磨
    • Organizer
      East-Asia AGN Workshop 2017
    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Book] Millimeter and Submillimeter Studies on the Active Trinity of Gas, Stars, and Black Holes in Seyfert Galaxies2018

    • Author(s)
      Takuma Izumi
    • Total Pages
      145
    • Publisher
      Springer
    • Related Report
      2017 Research-status Report
  • [Remarks] 超巨大ブラックホールを取り巻くドーナツ構造の正体を暴く

    • URL

      https://alma-telescope.jp/news/press/agn-201811

    • Related Report
      2018 Research-status Report

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Published: 2017-04-28   Modified: 2022-02-21  

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