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Star cluster formation in the early universe: from PopIII clusters to globular clusters

Research Project

Project/Area Number 19H01934
Research Category

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)

Allocation TypeSingle-year Grants
Section一般
Review Section Basic Section 16010:Astronomy-related
Research InstitutionKyoto University

Principal Investigator

HOSOKAWA Takashi  京都大学, 理学研究科, 准教授 (30413967)

Project Period (FY) 2019-04-01 – 2023-03-31
Project Status Completed (Fiscal Year 2023)
Budget Amount *help
¥17,030,000 (Direct Cost: ¥13,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥3,930,000)
Fiscal Year 2022: ¥3,900,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,000,000、Indirect Cost: ¥900,000)
Fiscal Year 2021: ¥4,290,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,300,000、Indirect Cost: ¥990,000)
Fiscal Year 2020: ¥3,900,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,000,000、Indirect Cost: ¥900,000)
Fiscal Year 2019: ¥4,940,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,140,000)
Keywords星団形成 / 初代星 / 種族III星 / 超巨大ブラックホール / 電離領域 / 輻射流体力学 / 数値シミュレーション / 星形成 / 大質量星 / 銀河形成 / 宇宙初代星 / 金属欠乏星 / 宇宙初期天体
Outline of Research at the Start

初期宇宙で実現する、銀河系とは異なる環境における星団形成過程を主に大規模数値シミュレーションを用いた理論研究によって明らかにする。具体的には、重元素の全くない初代星からなる星団から、球状星団の形成までを対象とする。特に銀河スケールの進化、及び遠方宇宙の観測に重要な、大質量星を多く含む大星団の形成過程についてその環境依存性を明らかにする。金属量に応じてどういう場合にどんな星団がどういう効率でどんな風に生まれるかを示す。また、それが初期宇宙のいつ、どこに相当してどういう風に将来観測されるか、または既存の観測と照らして整合するかを明らかにする。

Outline of Final Research Achievements

We have carried out several theoretical studies, mainly on cluster formation in the early universe. For Pop III star formation, we confirmed the birth of small clusters, including binary systems, through disk fragmentation and radiative feedback. We have also identified the possibility of supermassive star formation when cold accretion first appears in the Universe. Our 3D radiation hydrodynamics (RHD) simulations also showed that rapid mass accretion, as realized in this case, produces protostars with very large radii. Using RHD simulations, we also showed that cluster formation at moderately low metallicity is the best explanation for recent JWST observations of galaxies, since the initial mass function becomes top-heavy as metallicity decreases, but star formation efficiency also decreases.

Academic Significance and Societal Importance of the Research Achievements

ビッグバン後に初めて誕生する恒星内部では、酸素や炭素などの重元素が初めて合成されるので、我々を含む生命誕生にいたる第一歩である。したがって、未踏の初期宇宙で何が起きたのかを研究することは我々の起源を探ることに直結する。ビッグバン時の元素組成をそのまま残す初代星、あるいは極少量の重元素だけを含むような星形成はこれまで観測の手の届かない、超遠方の宇宙が舞台と考えられもっぱら理論的研究の対象だった。しかし、最近のJWSTの活躍によって、かつてないほどの遠方宇宙が観測の対象となり、理論研究と観測研究がついに出会うときが近づいている。このような背景のもと、本研究成果もこの進展に寄与するものである。

Report

(5 results)
  • 2023 Final Research Report ( PDF )
  • 2022 Annual Research Report
  • 2021 Annual Research Report
  • 2020 Annual Research Report
  • 2019 Annual Research Report
  • Research Products

    (63 results)

All 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Other

All Int'l Joint Research (12 results) Journal Article (28 results) (of which Int'l Joint Research: 15 results,  Peer Reviewed: 28 results,  Open Access: 11 results) Presentation (19 results) (of which Int'l Joint Research: 7 results,  Invited: 8 results) Remarks (2 results) Funded Workshop (2 results)

  • [Int'l Joint Research] ウィーン大学(オーストリア)

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] ローマ大学(イタリア)

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] マックス・プランク天体物理学研究所(ドイツ)

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] ウィーン大学(オーストリア)

    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] ハイデルベルク大学(ドイツ)

    • Related Report
      2020 Annual Research Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] 北京大学(中国)

    • Related Report
      2020 Annual Research Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] ウィーン大学(オーストリア)

    • Related Report
      2020 Annual Research Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] チュービンゲン大学/ハイデルベルク大学(ドイツ)

    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] プリンストン大学/テキサス大学/カリフォルニア大学サンタクルツ校(米国)

    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] 北京大学(中国)

    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] ウィーン大学(オーストリア)

    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] ジュネーブ大学(スイス)

    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] Impact of radiative feedback on the initial mass function of metal-poor stars2024

    • Author(s)
      Chon Sunmyon、Hosokawa Takashi、Omukai Kazuyuki、Schneider Raffaella
    • Journal Title

      Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

      Volume: 530 Issue: 3 Pages: 2453-2474

    • DOI

      10.1093/mnras/stae1027

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Gas Dynamical Friction on Accreting Objects2024

    • Author(s)
      Suzuguchi Tomoya、Sugimura Kazuyuki、Hosokawa Takashi、Matsumoto Tomoaki
    • Journal Title

      The Astrophysical Journal

      Volume: 966 Issue: 1 Pages: 7-19

    • DOI

      10.3847/1538-4357/ad34af

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Massive core/star formation triggered by cloud?cloud collision ? II. High-speed collisions of magnetized clouds2023

    • Author(s)
      Sakre Nirmit、Habe Asao、Pettitt Alex R、Okamoto Takashi、Enokiya Rei、Fukui Yasuo、Hosokawa Takashi
    • Journal Title

      Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

      Volume: 522 Issue: 4 Pages: 4972-4990

    • DOI

      10.1093/mnras/stad1089

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] First emergence of cold accretion and supermassive star formation in the early universe2023

    • Author(s)
      Kiyuna Masaki、Hosokawa Takashi、Chon Sunmyon
    • Journal Title

      Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

      Volume: 523 Issue: 1 Pages: 1496-1513

    • DOI

      10.1093/mnras/stad1484

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] 3D Radiation-hydrodynamic Simulations Resolving Interior of Rapidly Accreting Primordial Protostar2023

    • Author(s)
      Kimura Kazutaka、Hosokawa Takashi、Sugimura Kazuyuki、Fukushima Hajime
    • Journal Title

      The Astrophysical Journal

      Volume: 950 Issue: 2 Pages: 184-184

    • DOI

      10.3847/1538-4357/acda8e

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Merger Conditions of Population III Protostar Binaries2023

    • Author(s)
      Kirihara Takanobu、Susa Hajime、Hosokawa Takashi、Kinugawa Tomoya
    • Journal Title

      The Astrophysical Journal

      Volume: 950 Issue: 2 Pages: 188-188

    • DOI

      10.3847/1538-4357/acd1e0

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Formation of a wide-orbit giant planet in a gravitationally unstable subsolar-metallicity protoplanetary disc2023

    • Author(s)
      Matsukoba Ryoki、Vorobyov Eduard I、Hosokawa Takashi、Guedel Manuel
    • Journal Title

      Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

      Volume: 526 Issue: 3 Pages: 3933-3943

    • DOI

      10.1093/mnras/stad3003

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Formation of Massive and Wide First-star Binaries in Radiation Hydrodynamic Simulations2023

    • Author(s)
      Sugimura Kazuyuki、Matsumoto Tomoaki、Hosokawa Takashi、Hirano Shingo、Omukai Kazuyuki
    • Journal Title

      The Astrophysical Journal

      Volume: 959 Issue: 1 Pages: 17-17

    • DOI

      10.3847/1538-4357/ad02fc

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Observational signatures of forming young massive clusters: continuum emission from dense HII regions2023

    • Author(s)
      Inoguchi Mutsuko、Hosokawa Takashi、Fukushima Hajime、Tanaka Kei E I、Yajima Hidenobu、Mineshige Shin
    • Journal Title

      Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

      Volume: 527 Issue: 2 Pages: 3612-3623

    • DOI

      10.1093/mnras/stad3297

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Protostellar-disc fragmentation across all metallicities2022

    • Author(s)
      Matsukoba Ryoki、Tanaka Kei E I、Omukai Kazuyuki、Vorobyov Eduard I、Hosokawa Takashi
    • Journal Title

      Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

      Volume: 515 Issue: 4 Pages: 5506-5522

    • DOI

      10.1093/mnras/stac2161

    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Merger Rate Density of Binary Black Holes through Isolated Population I, II, III and Extremely Metal-poor Binary Star Evolution2022

    • Author(s)
      Tanikawa Ataru、Yoshida Takashi、Kinugawa Tomoya、Trani Alessandro A.、Hosokawa Takashi、Susa Hajime、Omukai Kazuyuki
    • Journal Title

      The Astrophysical Journal

      Volume: 926 Issue: 1 Pages: 83-83

    • DOI

      10.3847/1538-4357/ac4247

    • Related Report
      2020 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Rapid Growth of Seed Black Holes during Early Bulge Formation2022

    • Author(s)
      Inayoshi Kohei、Nakatani Riouhei、Toyouchi Daisuke、Hosokawa Takashi、Kuiper Rolf、Onoue Masafusa
    • Journal Title

      The Astrophysical Journal

      Volume: 927 Issue: 2 Pages: 237-237

    • DOI

      10.3847/1538-4357/ac4751

    • Related Report
      2020 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Growth of Massive Disks and Early Disk Fragmentation in Primordial Star Formation2021

    • Author(s)
      Kimura, K., Hosokawa, T., & Sugimura, K.
    • Journal Title

      ApJ

      Volume: 911 Issue: 1 Pages: 52-68

    • DOI

      10.3847/1538-4357/abe866

    • Related Report
      2020 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Impact of magnetic braking on high-mass close binary formation2021

    • Author(s)
      Harada Naoto、Hirano Shingo、Machida Masahiro N、Hosokawa Takashi
    • Journal Title

      Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

      Volume: 508 Issue: 3 Pages: 3730-3747

    • DOI

      10.1093/mnras/stab2780

    • Related Report
      2020 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Gravitational fragmentation of extremely metal-poor circumstellar discs2021

    • Author(s)
      Shima, K., & Hosokawa, T.
    • Journal Title

      MNRAS

      Volume: 508 Issue: 4 Pages: 4767-4785

    • DOI

      10.1093/mnras/stab2844

    • Related Report
      2020 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Disk fragmentation and intermittent accretion onto supermassive stars2021

    • Author(s)
      Matsukoba, R., Vorobyov, E.I., Sugimura, K., Chon, S., Hosokawa, T., & Omukai, K.
    • Journal Title

      MNRAS

      Volume: 500 Issue: 3 Pages: 4126-4138

    • DOI

      10.1093/mnras/staa3462

    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Super-Eddington mass growth of intermediate-mass black holes embedded in dusty circumnuclear disks2021

    • Author(s)
      Toyouchi, D., Inayoshi, K., Hosokawa, T., & Kuiper, R.
    • Journal Title

      ApJ

      Volume: 907 Issue: 2 Pages: 74-91

    • DOI

      10.3847/1538-4357/abcfc2

    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Cosmological DCBH formation sites hostile for their growth2021

    • Author(s)
      Chon, S., Hosokawa, T., & Omukai, K
    • Journal Title

      MNRAS

      Volume: 502 Issue: 1 Pages: 700-713

    • DOI

      10.1093/mnras/stab061

    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] The Birth of a Massive First-star Binary2020

    • Author(s)
      Sugimura Kazuyuki、Matsumoto Tomoaki、Hosokawa Takashi、Hirano Shingo、Omukai Kazuyuki
    • Journal Title

      The Astrophysical Journal

      Volume: 892 Issue: 1 Pages: L14-L14

    • DOI

      10.3847/2041-8213/ab7d37

    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Gaseous dynamical friction under radiative feedback: do intermediate-mass black holes speed up or down?2020

    • Author(s)
      Toyouchi, D., Hosokawa, T., Sugimura, K., & Kuiper, R.
    • Journal Title

      MNRAS

      Volume: 496 Issue: 2 Pages: 1909-1921

    • DOI

      10.1093/mnras/staa1338

    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Formation of the first stars and black holes2020

    • Author(s)
      Haemmerle, L., Mayer, L., Klessen, R.S., Hosokawa,T., Madau, P., & Bromm, V.
    • Journal Title

      Space Science Reviews

      Volume: 216 Issue: 4 Pages: 48-106

    • DOI

      10.1007/s11214-020-00673-y

    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Formation of massive stars under protostellar radiation feedback: Very metal-poor stars2020

    • Author(s)
      Fukushima, H., Hosokawa, T., Chiaki, G., Omukai, K., Yoshida, N., & Kuiper, R.
    • Journal Title

      MNRAS

      Volume: 497 Issue: 1 Pages: 829-845

    • DOI

      10.1093/mnras/staa1994

    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Star cluster formation and cloud dispersal by radiative feedback: dependence on metallicity and compactness2020

    • Author(s)
      Fukushima, H., Yajima, H., Sugimura, K., Hosokawa, T., Omukai, K., & Matsumoto, T.
    • Journal Title

      MNRAS

      Volume: 497 Issue: 3 Pages: 3830-3845

    • DOI

      10.1093/mnras/staa2062

    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Factories of CO-dark gas: molecular clouds with limited star formation efficiencies by far-ultraviolet feedback2020

    • Author(s)
      Inoguchi, M., Hosokawa, T., Mineshige, S., & Kim, Jeong-Gyu
    • Journal Title

      MNRAS

      Volume: 497 Issue: 4 Pages: 5061-5075

    • DOI

      10.1093/mnras/staa2022

    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Accretion bursts in low-metallicity protostellar disks2020

    • Author(s)
      Vorobyov, E., Elbakyan, V.G., Omukai, K., Hosokawa, T., Matsukoba, R., & Guedel, M.
    • Journal Title

      A&A

      Volume: 641 Pages: 72-80

    • DOI

      10.1051/0004-6361/202038354

    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Failed and delayed protostellar outflows with high-mass accretion rates2020

    • Author(s)
      Machida Masahiro N、Hosokawa Takashi
    • Journal Title

      Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

      Volume: 499 Issue: 3 Pages: 4490-4514

    • DOI

      10.1093/mnras/staa3139

    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Forming Pop III binaries in self-gravitating discs: how to keep the orbital angular momentum2019

    • Author(s)
      Chon Sunmyon、Hosokawa Takashi
    • Journal Title

      Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

      Volume: 488 Issue: 2 Pages: 2658-2672

    • DOI

      10.1093/mnras/stz1824

    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Spectral energy distribution of the first galaxies: contribution from pre-main-sequence stars2019

    • Author(s)
      Mitani Hiroto、Yoshida Naoki、Omukai Kazuyuki、Hosokawa Takashi
    • Journal Title

      Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters

      Volume: 488 Issue: 1 Pages: L64-L68

    • DOI

      10.1093/mnrasl/slz100

    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Presentation] The role of the cold accretion in the supermassive star formation2024

    • Author(s)
      Masaki Kiyuna, Takashi Hosokawa, Sunmyon Chon
    • Organizer
      Formation, evolution, and signatures of Supermassive stars
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] cold accretionと輻射フィードバックによる連鎖的 超大質量星形成2024

    • Author(s)
      喜友名正樹、細川隆史、鄭昇明
    • Organizer
      日本天文学会2024年春季年会
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 超大質量星形成における星周円盤形成後の原始星進化過程2024

    • Author(s)
      木村和貴、細川隆史、杉村和幸、福島肇、大向一行
    • Organizer
      日本天文学会2024年春季年会
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 宇宙初期の超大質量星形成における星周円盤と原始星構造の共進化2023

    • Author(s)
      木村和貴、細川隆史、杉村和幸、福島肇、大向一行
    • Organizer
      日本天文学会2023年秋季年会
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 原始惑星系円盤のガス-ダスト2成分2次元グローバル計算によるダストリング形成2023

    • Author(s)
      松木場亮喜, Vorobyov,E.I., 細川隆史
    • Organizer
      日本天文学会2023年秋季年会
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 自己重力不安定による低金属量巨大ガス惑星の形成2023

    • Author(s)
      松木場亮喜, 細川隆史, Vorobyov,E.I.
    • Organizer
      日本天文学会2023年春季年会
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Young Massive Cluster形成時の観測的特徴: 連続光spectrumと高密度HII領域2023

    • Author(s)
      猪口睦子, 細川隆史, 嶺重慎, 福島肇, 矢島秀伸, 田中圭
    • Organizer
      日本天文学会2023年春季年会
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 宇宙初期の超大質量星形成における原始星構造について2023

    • Author(s)
      木村和貫, 細川隆史, 杉村和幸, 福島肇
    • Organizer
      日本天文学会2023年春季年会
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 3D RHD simulations of rapidly accreting Pop III protostars2022

    • Author(s)
      Takashi Hosokawa
    • Organizer
      9th East Asia Numerical Astrophysics Meeting (EANAM9)
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] High-mass Star Formation across the universe2022

    • Author(s)
      細川隆史
    • Organizer
      第52回天文・天体物理若手夏の学校
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] 初代星形成シミュレーション:長距離大質量連星の形成2022

    • Author(s)
      杉村和幸, 松本倫明, 細川隆史, 平野真吾, 大向一行
    • Organizer
      日本天文学会2022年秋季年会
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 宇宙最初のcold accretionの発現と超大質量星形成の可能性2022

    • Author(s)
      喜友名正樹, 細川隆史, 鄭昇明
    • Organizer
      日本天文学会2022年秋季年会
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Disc Fragmentation in Primordial and Low-metallicity Star Formation2022

    • Author(s)
      Takashi Hosokawa
    • Organizer
      Disc Fragmentation workshop
    • Related Report
      2020 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Observational signatures of forming young massive clusters2022

    • Author(s)
      細川 隆史
    • Organizer
      新学術星・惑星形成大研究会 (2022春)
    • Related Report
      2020 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Formation of Pop III binary stars2021

    • Author(s)
      Takashi Hosokawa
    • Organizer
      PAX-VII workshop
    • Related Report
      2020 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Primordial & Extremely Metal-poor high-mass star formation in the early universe2020

    • Author(s)
      Takashi Hosokawa
    • Organizer
      FIRST STARS VI
    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Primordial and Metal-poor High-mass Star Formation2020

    • Author(s)
      Takashi Hosokawa
    • Organizer
      Tubingen High-mass Star Formation workshop
    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Primordial and Low-metallicity Star Formation2019

    • Author(s)
      Takashi Hosokawa
    • Organizer
      ISSI Star Formation workshop
    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] 初代星形成:an overview2019

    • Author(s)
      細川隆史
    • Organizer
      初代星・初代銀河研究会2019
    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
    • Invited
  • [Remarks] Shima & Hosokawa (2021)の数値シミュレーション動画

    • Related Report
      2020 Annual Research Report
  • [Remarks] Featured Image: formation of the first binaries

    • URL

      https://aasnova.org/2020/04/20/featured-image-formation-of-the-first-binaries/

    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
  • [Funded Workshop] 初代星・初代銀河研究会20202020

    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report
  • [Funded Workshop] 初代星・初代銀河研究会20192019

    • Related Report
      2019 Annual Research Report

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Published: 2019-04-18   Modified: 2025-01-30  

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