• Search Research Projects
  • Search Researchers
  • How to Use
  1. Back to previous page

Molecular swarm robotics: Verifying working ability of molecular robots and their implementation in social contexts

Research Project

Project/Area Number 21H04434
Research Category

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A)

Allocation TypeSingle-year Grants
Section一般
Review Section Medium-sized Section 13:Condensed matter physics and related fields
Research InstitutionKyoto University

Principal Investigator

角五 彰  京都大学, 理学研究科, 教授 (10374224)

Co-Investigator(Kenkyū-buntansha) オベル加藤 ナタナエル  お茶の水女子大学, 基幹研究院, 講師 (10749659)
川又 生吹  東北大学, 工学研究科, 助教 (30733977)
Project Period (FY) 2021-04-05 – 2024-03-31
Project Status Granted (Fiscal Year 2023)
Budget Amount *help
¥42,250,000 (Direct Cost: ¥32,500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥9,750,000)
Fiscal Year 2023: ¥13,130,000 (Direct Cost: ¥10,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥3,030,000)
Fiscal Year 2022: ¥12,610,000 (Direct Cost: ¥9,700,000、Indirect Cost: ¥2,910,000)
Fiscal Year 2021: ¥16,510,000 (Direct Cost: ¥12,700,000、Indirect Cost: ¥3,810,000)
Keywords分子群ロボット / アクティブマター / 集団運動 / 分子ロボット / 群ロボット / DNAコンピューター / リザバーコンピューティング
Outline of Research at the Start

本研究では、これまでに開発してきた集団行動をとる分子サイズのシステム(=分子群ロボット)から『どのような仕事がどの程度取り出せるのか?』という問いに、課題①分子群ロボットが実行可能な作業の検証、課題②分子群ロボットから取り出しうる仕事量を実測することで答えていく。さらに分子群ロボットの用途として、課題③-1微小発電素子、課題③-2微小検出素子の実現に向けた要素技術を開発することで分子ロボットの社会実装に向けた研究基盤の構築も目指す。3年間の研究計画としては初年度に課題①および課題②に着手し、その後、得られた結果をもとに課題③-1および③-2の実装可能性について検討してく予定である。

Outline of Annual Research Achievements

デバイスや機械などの更なる微細化は、エネルギー分野、情報科学、ライフサイエンス、医療分野に一層の変革をもたらすと期待されている。申請者らは、外部環境の変化に応答し協調的な集団行動をとる分子サイズのシステム(=分子群ロボット)を世界に先駆けて開発してきた。本研究では、課題①分子群ロボットが実行可能な作業の検証、課題②分子群ロボットから取り出しうる仕事量の実測、さらに分子群ロボットの用途として、課題③-1微小発電素子、課題③-2微小検出素子の実現に向けた要素技術を開発していくことで、申請者らが開発してきた分子群ロボットから『どのような仕事がどの程度取り出せるのか?』という問いに答えていく。さらに分子群ロボットを社会実装していくための研究基盤を構築することを目指す。昨年度は、分子群ロボットに物質の輸送という仕事を課す実験系の立ち上げることで課題①に関連した研究に着手してきた。また幅広い計測レンジを持つ磁気ピンセット法を基本原理とした計測システムの開発を進めることで課題②に関連した研究にも着手した。本年度は課題③-1、ならびに課題③-2に関連した研究を前年度に引き続き進めている。

Current Status of Research Progress
Current Status of Research Progress

2: Research has progressed on the whole more than it was originally planned.

Reason

申請書で予定していた計画通り研究が進んでいることから、順調に進展していると判断した。

Strategy for Future Research Activity

課題③-1微小発電素子、課題③-2微小検出素子の実現に向けた要素技術の開発に関連した研究を引き続き進めるとともに、これまで行なってきた全ての課題に関して総括する。その結果をもとに申請者らが開発してきた分子群ロボットから『どのような仕事がどの程度取り出せるのか?』という問いに答えていく。

Report

(3 results)
  • 2022 Annual Research Report
  • 2021 Comments on the Screening Results   Annual Research Report
  • Research Products

    (52 results)

All 2023 2022 2021

All Journal Article (22 results) (of which Int'l Joint Research: 12 results,  Peer Reviewed: 20 results,  Open Access: 9 results) Presentation (21 results) (of which Int'l Joint Research: 12 results,  Invited: 21 results) Book (9 results)

  • [Journal Article] Construction of Silver Nanoparticles inside Microtubules Using Tau-Derived Peptide Ligated with Silver-Binding Peptide2023

    • Author(s)
      Hiroshi Inaba, Yuma Hori, Arif Md. Rashedul Kabir, Akira Kakugo, Kazuki Sada, Kazunori Matsuura
    • Journal Title

      Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan

      Volume: 96 (10) Issue: 10 Pages: 1082-1087

    • DOI

      10.1246/bcsj.20230162

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Reversible Photocontrol of Microtubule Stability by Spiropyran-Conjugated Tau-Derived Peptides2023

    • Author(s)
      Hiroshi Inaba, Minamo Sakaguchi, Soei Watari, Shigesaburo Ogawa, Arif Md. Rashedul Kabir, Akira Kakugo, Kazuki Sada, Kazunori Matsuura
    • Journal Title

      ChemBioChem

      Volume: 24 Issue: 8

    • DOI

      10.1002/cbic.202200782

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] 3D Structure of Ring-shaped Microtubule Swarms Revealed by High-speed Atomic Force Microscopy2023

    • Author(s)
      Rashid Mst. Rubaya、Ganser Christian、Akter Mousumi、Nasrin Syeda Rubaiya、Kabir Arif Md. Rashedul、Sada Kazuki、Uchihashi Takayuki、Kakugo Akira
    • Journal Title

      Chemistry Letters

      Volume: 52 Issue: 2 Pages: 100-104

    • DOI

      10.1246/cl.220491

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Collision-induced torque mediates the transition of chiral dynamic patterns formed by active particles2022

    • Author(s)
      Hiraiwa Tetsuya、Akiyama Ryo、Inoue Daisuke、Kabir Arif Md. Rashedul、Kakugo Akira
    • Journal Title

      Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics

      Volume: 24 Issue: 47 Pages: 28782-28787

    • DOI

      10.1039/d2cp03879j

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Light-induced stabilization of microtubules by photo-crosslinking of a Tau-derived peptide2022

    • Author(s)
      Watari Soei、Inaba Hiroshi、Tamura Tomonori、Kabir Arif Md. Rashedul、Kakugo Akira、Sada Kazuki、Hamachi Itaru、Matsuura Kazunori
    • Journal Title

      Chemical Communications

      Volume: 58 Issue: 66 Pages: 9190-9193

    • DOI

      10.1039/d2cc01890j

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Generation of stable microtubule superstructures by binding of peptide-fused tetrameric proteins to inside and outside2022

    • Author(s)
      Inaba Hiroshi、Sueki Yurina、Ichikawa Muneyoshi、Kabir Arif Md. Rashedul、Iwasaki Takashi、Shigematsu Hideki、Kakugo Akira、Sada Kazuki、Tsukazaki Tomoya、Matsuura Kazunori
    • Journal Title

      Science Advances

      Volume: 8 Issue: 36

    • DOI

      10.1126/sciadv.abq3817

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Kinesin motors driven microtubule swarming triggered by UV light2022

    • Author(s)
      Ishii Satsuki、Akter Mousumi、Murayama Keiji、Kabir Arif Md. Rashedul、Asanuma Hiroyuki、Sada Kazuki、Kakugo Akira
    • Journal Title

      Polymer Journal

      Volume: 54 Issue: 12 Pages: 1501-1507

    • DOI

      10.1038/s41428-022-00693-1

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Fluctuation in the Sliding Movement of Kinesin-Driven Microtubules is Regulated Using the Deep-Sea Osmolyte Trimethylamine N-Oxide2022

    • Author(s)
      Arif Md. Rashedul Kabir, Tasrina Munmun, Kazuki Sada, and Akira Kakugo
    • Journal Title

      ACS Omega

      Volume: 7 Issue: 22 Pages: 18597-18604

    • DOI

      10.1021/acsomega.2c01228

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Cooperative cargo transportation by a swarm of molecular machines2022

    • Author(s)
      Akter M.、Keya J. J.、Kayano K.、Kabir A. M. R.、Inoue D.、Hess H.、Sada K.、Kuzuya A.、Asanuma H.、Kakugo A.
    • Journal Title

      Science Robotics

      Volume: 7 Issue: 65

    • DOI

      10.1126/scirobotics.abm0677

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Structural Changes of Microtubules by Encapsulation of Gold Nanoparticles Using a Tau-derived Peptide2022

    • Author(s)
      Inaba Hiroshi、Kabir Arif Md. Rashedul、Kakugo Akira、Sada Kazuki、Matsuura Kazunori
    • Journal Title

      Chemistry Letters

      Volume: 51 Issue: 4 Pages: 348-351

    • DOI

      10.1246/cl.210761

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Controlling the Rigidity of Kinesin-Propelled Microtubules in an In Vitro Gliding Assay Using the Deep-Sea Osmolyte Trimethylamine N-Oxide2022

    • Author(s)
      Kabir Arif Md. Rashedul、Munmun Tasrina、Hayashi Tomohiko、Yasuda Satoshi、Kimura Atsushi P.、Kinoshita Masahiro、Murata Takeshi、Sada Kazuki、Kakugo Akira
    • Journal Title

      ACS Omega

      Volume: 7 Issue: 4 Pages: 3796-3803

    • DOI

      10.1021/acsomega.1c06699

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] 1,2-Disubstituted 1,2-Dihydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazine-3,6-dione as a Dynamic Covalent Bonding Unit at Room Temperature2022

    • Author(s)
      Kawai Kentaro、Ikeda Kazuki、Sato Akane、Kabasawa Akira、Kojima Masahiro、Kokado Kenta、Kakugo Akira、Sada Kazuki、Yoshino Tatsuhiko、Matsunaga Shigeki
    • Journal Title

      Journal of the American Chemical Society

      Volume: 144 Issue: 3 Pages: 1370-1379

    • DOI

      10.1021/jacs.1c11665

    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Unexpected Dissociation of Photoresponsive UV-ON DNA Carrying p-tert-Butyl Azobenzene under UV Light Irradiation2022

    • Author(s)
      Ishii Satsuki、Murayama Keiji、Sada Kazuki、Asanuma Hiroyuki、Kakugo Akira
    • Journal Title

      Chemistry Letters

      Volume: 51 Issue: 3 Pages: 292-295

    • DOI

      10.1246/cl.210788

    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Controlling the length of self-assembled microtubes through mechanical stress-induced scission2021

    • Author(s)
      Arif Md. Rashedul Kabir, Kazuki Sada, *Akira Kakugo
    • Journal Title

      Chemical Communications

      Volume: 57 Pages: 468-471

    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Monopolar flocking of microtubules in collective motion2021

    • Author(s)
      Afroze Farhana、Inoue Daisuke、Farhana Tamanna Ishrat、Hiraiwa Tetsuya、Akiyama Ryo、Kabir Arif Md. Rashedul、Sada Kazuki、Kakugo Akira
    • Journal Title

      Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications

      Volume: 563 Pages: 73-78

    • DOI

      10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.05.037

    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Deformation of microtubules regulates translocation dynamics of kinesin2021

    • Author(s)
      Syeda Rubaiya Nasrin, Christian Ganser, Seiji Nishikawa, Arif Md Rashedul Kabir, Kazuki Sada, Takefumi Yamashita, Mitsunori Ikeguchi, Takayuki Uchihashi, Henry Hess, Akira Kakugo
    • Journal Title

      Sci Adv

      Volume: 7 Issue: 42 Pages: 1-11

    • DOI

      10.1126/sciadv.abf2211

    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Controlling Collective Motion of Kinesin-Driven Microtubules via Patterning of Topographic Landscapes2021

    • Author(s)
      Araki Shunya、Beppu Kazusa、Kabir Arif Md. Rashedul、Kakugo Akira、Maeda Yusuke T.
    • Journal Title

      Nano Letters

      Volume: 21 Issue: 24 Pages: 10478-10485

    • DOI

      10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03952

    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] A new approach to explore mechano-responsiveness of microtubules and its application in studying dynamic soft interfaces2021

    • Author(s)
      Arif Md. Rashedul, Kabir, Akria Kakugo
    • Journal Title

      Polymer Journal

      Volume: 53 Pages: 299-308

    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] 化学エネルギーで動く世界最小の群れるロボット2021

    • Author(s)
      石井さつき、角五彰
    • Journal Title

      化学工業

      Volume: 72 Pages: 1-9

    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] 群れで働く分子機械2021

    • Author(s)
      角五彰
    • Journal Title

      現代化学

      Volume: 600 Pages: 60-64

    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
  • [Journal Article] 大学の枠を越えたオンライン生体分子デザインコンペティションの取り組み2021

    • Author(s)
      村田 智、葛谷明紀、藤原 慶、平 順一、川又生吹、・佐藤佑介、瀧ノ上正浩、野村 M.慎一郎、角五彰、堀 豊、安部桂太
    • Journal Title

      工学教育

      Volume: 69 Pages: 31-39

    • NAID

      130008070459

    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Molecular Swarm Robot Realized by the Intelligence of a Biomolecular Motor System and DNA2021

    • Author(s)
      Jakia Jannnat Keya, Akinori Kuzuya, Akira Kakugo
    • Journal Title

      生物物理

      Volume: 61 (5) Pages: 330-331

    • NAID

      130008093150

    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Presentation] 群れの化学-自律的に駆動する物質群の集団運動と非線形機能-2022

    • Author(s)
      角五彰
    • Organizer
      令和4年度九州地区高分子若手研究会
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] Exploring the potential of molecular swarm robots2022

    • Author(s)
      Akira Kakugo
    • Organizer
      The 4th international conference on Materials research and innovation
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Molecular robots swarm to deliver cargo2022

    • Author(s)
      Akira Kakugo
    • Organizer
      The 5th International Conference on Nanospace Materials
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Cooperative Task Execution of Active-Matter2022

    • Author(s)
      Akira Kakugo
    • Organizer
      2022 MRS Fall Meeting
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Cooperative Task Achievement by a Swarm of Active Matters2022

    • Author(s)
      Akira Kakugo
    • Organizer
      MANA International Symposium 2022
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Molecular robots working cooperatively in swarm2022

    • Author(s)
      Akira Kakugo
    • Organizer
      Max Planck Institute (MPI) Colloquium
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Collaborative task achievement by a swarm of biomolecular motor based robots2022

    • Author(s)
      Akira Kakugo
    • Organizer
      German Physical Society (DPG) Regensburg 2022
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Cooperative cargo transportation by a swarm of biomolecular motors_2022

    • Author(s)
      Akira Kakugo
    • Organizer
      Molecules, Materials, Devieces, Systems in Medicine
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Microtubules function as mechanosensor to regulate intracellular transport2022

    • Author(s)
      Akira Kakugo
    • Organizer
      EMBL Symposium: Microtubules: From Atoms to Complex Systems
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Biomolecular motor based swarm robot2021

    • Author(s)
      Akira Kakugo
    • Organizer
      ICRA2021 workshop on micro-nano swarm robotics
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Task execution by a molecular swarm robot2021

    • Author(s)
      Akira Kakugo
    • Organizer
      4th International Workshop on Symbiosis of Biology and Nanotechnology
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Swarming of molecular robot through DNA based information transfer2021

    • Author(s)
      Akira Kakugo
    • Organizer
      The 2020 International Chemical Congress of Pacific Basin Societies
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] Functions emerged through swarming of bio-molecular engines2021

    • Author(s)
      Akira Kakugo
    • Organizer
      The 2020 International Chemical Congress of Pacific Basin Societies
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
  • [Presentation] 動く物質『アクティブマター』の活用法2021

    • Author(s)
      角五 彰
    • Organizer
      電子情報技術部会 マイクロナノシステムと材料・加工分科会
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] Molecular Swarm Robot in Real Life2021

    • Author(s)
      角五 彰
    • Organizer
      関東非線形非平衡バイオソフトマターセミナー
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] Emergent functions in a swarm of biomolecular motors2021

    • Author(s)
      角五 彰
    • Organizer
      Emergent Nonequilibrium Phenomena in Soft Materials
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] ロボットの3要素を備えた分子サイズのシステムが秘める可能性2021

    • Author(s)
      角五 彰
    • Organizer
      日本顎口腔機能学会 第65回学術大会
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] Synchronous operation of bio-molecular engines2021

    • Author(s)
      角五 彰
    • Organizer
      第20回日本蛋白質科学会年会
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] アクティブマターの集団から生まれる秩序と機能2021

    • Author(s)
      角五 彰
    • Organizer
      理研科学者会議セミナー
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] アクティブマターにおける秩序形成と機能創発2021

    • Author(s)
      角五 彰
    • Organizer
      21-1高分子学会講演会
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] 分子群ロボット~群れる分子システムによるタスクの遂行~2021

    • Author(s)
      角五 彰
    • Organizer
      第8回バイオ関連化学シンポジウム若手フォーラム
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
    • Invited
  • [Book] Functionalization of tubulin: approaches to modify tubulin with biotin and DNA2022

    • Author(s)
      Mousumi Akter, Jakia Jannat Keya, Arif Md. Rashedul Kabir, Mst. Rubaya Rashid, Satsuki Ishii, Akira Kakugo,
    • Total Pages
      12
    • Publisher
      Methods in Molecular Biology
    • ISBN
      1071619829
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Book] Construction of molecular robots from microtubules for programmable swarming2022

    • Author(s)
      Jakia Jannat Keya, Mousumi Akter, Arif Md. Rashedul Kabir, Mst. Rubaya Rashid, Akira Kakugo
    • Total Pages
      11
    • Publisher
      Methods in Molecular Biology
    • ISBN
      1071619829
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Book] Fabrication of artificial muscle from microtubules, kinesins and DNA origami nanostructures2022

    • Author(s)
      Jakia Jannat Keya, Mousumi Akter, Arif Md. Rashedul Kabir, Satsuki Ishi, Akira Kakugo
    • Total Pages
      9
    • Publisher
      Methods in Molecular Biology
    • ISBN
      1071619829
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Book] Dynamic pattern formation of active matters triggered by mechanical stimuli2022

    • Author(s)
      Jakia Jannat Keya, Arif Md. Rashedul Kabir, Mousumi Akter, Akira Kakugo
    • Total Pages
      10
    • Publisher
      Methods in Molecular Biology
    • ISBN
      1071619829
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Book] Purification of Tubulin from Porcine Brain and its Fluorescence Dye Modification2022

    • Author(s)
      Satsuki Ishii, Mousumi Akter, Jakia Jannat Keya, Mst. Rubaya Rashid, Farhana Afroze, Syeda Rubaiya Nasrin Akira Kakugo
    • Total Pages
      13
    • Publisher
      Methods in Molecular Biology
    • ISBN
      1071619829
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Book] Mechanical deformation of microtubules on a two-dimensional elastic medium2022

    • Author(s)
      Syeda Rubaiya Nasrin, Farhana Afroze, Arif Md. Rashedul Kabir, Akira Kakugo
    • Total Pages
      11
    • Publisher
      Methods in Molecular Biology
    • ISBN
      1071619829
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Book] Cargo transport by microtubuleassociated motor protein along mechanically deformed microtubules2022

    • Author(s)
      Syeda Rubaiya Nasrin, Arif Md. Rashedul Kabir, Akira Kakugo
    • Total Pages
      11
    • Publisher
      Methods in Molecular Biology
    • ISBN
      1071619829
    • Related Report
      2022 Annual Research Report
  • [Book] Handbook of Unconventional Computing2021

    • Author(s)
      Arif Md. Rashedul Kabir, Akira Kakugo
    • Total Pages
      584
    • Publisher
      World Scientific Publishing Company
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report
  • [Book] Encyclopedia of Robotics2021

    • Author(s)
      Arif Md. Rashedul Kabir, Yoshiyuki Kageyama, Akira Kakugo
    • Total Pages
      4000
    • Publisher
      Springer, Nature
    • Related Report
      2021 Annual Research Report

URL: 

Published: 2021-04-28   Modified: 2024-12-25  

Information User Guide FAQ News Terms of Use Attribution of KAKENHI

Powered by NII kakenhi