| Budget Amount *help |
¥36,660,000 (Direct Cost: ¥28,200,000、Indirect Cost: ¥8,460,000)
Fiscal Year 2013: ¥8,840,000 (Direct Cost: ¥6,800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥2,040,000)
Fiscal Year 2012: ¥8,840,000 (Direct Cost: ¥6,800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥2,040,000)
Fiscal Year 2011: ¥8,840,000 (Direct Cost: ¥6,800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥2,040,000)
Fiscal Year 2010: ¥10,140,000 (Direct Cost: ¥7,800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥2,340,000)
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| Outline of Final Research Achievements |
In this project, we demonstrate that 13- and 17-year broods have evolved independently in the three different taxonomic groups: decim, cassini and decula, as suggested by Alexander and Moore long time ago. In theoretical studies, newly named 13-year M. neotredecim could have evolved from a population of 17-year M. septendecim via hybridization with a few M. tredecim in the past. This study also showed the importance of Allee effect on the evolutionary changes of emergence years and brood shifts. We also showed various cases of adaptation to achieve the persistence or extinction avoidance, including human economic behavior.
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