| Budget Amount *help |
¥18,070,000 (Direct Cost: ¥13,900,000、Indirect Cost: ¥4,170,000)
Fiscal Year 2015: ¥7,280,000 (Direct Cost: ¥5,600,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,680,000)
Fiscal Year 2014: ¥4,030,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥930,000)
Fiscal Year 2013: ¥3,120,000 (Direct Cost: ¥2,400,000、Indirect Cost: ¥720,000)
Fiscal Year 2012: ¥3,640,000 (Direct Cost: ¥2,800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥840,000)
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| Outline of Final Research Achievements |
In discussion of tone languages, we usually think of East-Asian monosyllabic tone langugaes such as Mandarin Chinese. However, they are of one type and cannot be taken as typical examples. In fact there are a number of other type tone language in Africa. Thus, for example, we find languages like Tembo of Eastern Congo, in which the number of tonal patterns increases in geometric progression of the syllables (or moras) which constitute the word. In other languages like Haya of Tanzania the patterns increase arithmetically. Still in others like Nyoro of Uganda the number of patterns remains the same regardless of the number of syllables of the words. Another important observation in African languages is that tone functions more grammatically than lexically.
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