| Budget Amount *help |
¥4,680,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,600,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,080,000)
Fiscal Year 2016: ¥1,170,000 (Direct Cost: ¥900,000、Indirect Cost: ¥270,000)
Fiscal Year 2015: ¥1,560,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,200,000、Indirect Cost: ¥360,000)
Fiscal Year 2014: ¥1,950,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥450,000)
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| Outline of Final Research Achievements |
In pre-modern society the label of ‘race’ did not work as a device for ‘exclusion’ and ‘subsumption’, but simply denoted differences of birthplace, language, religion or etc. of inhabitants. However, as the modern nation state developed a centralized system of administration through the promotion of certain languages, customs and ideology, each community was compelled to focus on ‘culture’ to unify around their mutual interests, the sense of ‘race’ became a sense of nation, and nationality or ethnicity came into being.
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