• Search Research Projects
  • Search Researchers
  • How to Use
  1. Back to previous page

A factor analysis for the elevated incidence of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and an epidemiological study of the Japanese encephalitis-like disease in Pakistan

Research Project

Project/Area Number 63044136
Research Category

Grant-in-Aid for international Scientific Research

Allocation TypeSingle-year Grants
SectionJoint Research
Research InstitutionNihon University

Principal Investigator

TAKASU Toshiaki  Nihon University School of Medicine, Dept. of Neurology, 医学部, 教授 (90010024)

Co-Investigator(Kenkyū-buntansha) TAKASHIMA Ikuo  Hokkaido University School of Veterinary Medicine, Dept. of Veterinary Public He, 獣医学部, 助教授 (30002083)
KAMIMURA Kiyoshi  Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Dept. of Pathology, 助教授 (00115164)
HASHIMOTO Nobuo  Hokkaido University School of Veterinary Medicine, Dept. of Veterinary Public He, 獣医学部, 教授 (60082103)
TAKAHASHI Mitsuo  National Institute of Health, Division of Medical Entomology, 部長 (00072893)
DOI Rikuo  Yokohama Municipal University School of Medicine, Dept. of Hygiene, 医学部, 教授 (70091585)
IGARASHI Akira  Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine, Division of Virology, 熱帯医学研究所, 教授 (40029773)
ANWAR Wagar  アガハン大学, 健康科学部, 教授
ISHII Keizo  Special Reference Laboratory, 特別顧問 (40001789)
ISOMURA Shin  Aichi Prefectural Institute of Health, 所長 (00064832)
YOSHIKAWA Yasuhiro  Tokyo University Institute of Medical Science, Division of Animal Pathology ; si, 国立予防衛生研究所筑波医学実験用霊長類センター・助教授, 所長 (80109975)
YAMANOUCHI Kazuya  Tokyo University Institute of Medical Science, Laboratory Animal Research Center, 研究所, 教授 (30072888)
KONDO Kiyotaro  Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Dept. of Public Health, 医学部, 教授 (80018366)
YASMEEN Akba  アバンシャヒード病院, 医長
MUBINA Agbor  ダウ医科大学, 助手
AKRAM D. S.  Dow Medical College, Dept. of Pediatrics, 教授
SHAISTA Rauf  ダウ医科大学, 助手
AKHTAR Ahmed  ダウ医科大学, 教授
AKBANI Yasmeen  Abassi Shaheed Hospital, Dept. of Pediatrics
AGBOATWALLA Mubina  Dow Medical College, Dept. of Pediatrics
AHMED Akhtar  Dow Medical College, Dept. of Neurology
RAUF Shaista  Dow Medical College, Dept. of Neurology
WAQAR Anwar  Aga Khan University School of Health Sciences, Dept. of Biochemistry
Project Period (FY) 1988 – 1990
Project Status Completed (Fiscal Year 1990)
Budget Amount *help
¥19,000,000 (Direct Cost: ¥19,000,000)
Fiscal Year 1990: ¥6,000,000 (Direct Cost: ¥6,000,000)
Fiscal Year 1989: ¥7,000,000 (Direct Cost: ¥7,000,000)
Fiscal Year 1988: ¥6,000,000 (Direct Cost: ¥6,000,000)
KeywordsSubacute sclerosing panencephalitis / age at occurrence of measles / case control study / vaccination / HLA analysis / hemaglutinin (HA) protein / Japanese encephalitis / 日本脳炎
Research Abstract

We reported formerly that in Karachi the incidence of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) could be more than fifty times higher than in Japan and in many Western countries and that there had been the occurrence of acute encephalitis in Karachi serologically suspected to be due to Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus infection. This time we focused on the factor analysis of the higher incidence of SSPA and the aetiology of the JE-like disease.
To sum up ; there was remarkable progress on the SSPE study, especially its epidemiological and sero-virological aspects, while no remarkable progress was achieved on the JE-like disease study.
1. Factor analysis of the higher SSPE incidence in Pakistan
SSPE is a disease of brain due to its invasion by a variant or variants of measles virus which can occur in some measles sufferers belatedly during the course of persistent infection by measles virus.
(1) Epidemiological results : The ages at occurrence of measles in SSPE patients in Pakistan were f … More ound to be higher than in Japan and in many Western countries ; the rate of early measles (EM ; measles which occurred below 2 years of age) being 0.353, that of below 5 years late measles (LM5> ; measles which occurred at 2, 3, or 4 years of age) 0.340, and that of at or above 5 years late measles (LM5D5 ; measles which occurred at or above 5 years) 0.307. Thus the majority of the ages at occurrence of measles was found to be represented by late measles (LM ; LM5> and LM5 combined) in the SSPE patients in Pakistan. This is in a striking contrast to the EM predominance in Japan and in many Western countries. On this basis the attack rate of SSPE among measles sufferers in Pakistan were estimated to be 308.1 x 10^<-6> from EM. 197.4 x 10^<-6> from LM5>, 585.2 x 10^<-6> from LM5D5, 265.4 x 10^<-6> from LM, and 280.2 X 10^<-6> from whole measles, all found higher than the corresponding figures in Japan, notably 46 times higher from LM5> and 296 times higher from LM5D5. The Pakistan to Japan ratio of the measles incidence among general population was at most two even if stratified according to the age at occurrence of measles. Therefore, the major reason for the higher SSPE incidence in Pakistan would lie in the higher attackrate of SSPE among measles sufferers, especially late measles sufferers. [Takasu et al.]
Secondly our SSPE case control study revealed the lower birth weight and the higher incidence of head injury and of convulsion in SSPE than in control, suggesting that some environmental factors might be working for the development of SSPE before and after measles virus infection. [Kondo et al.]
Thirdly we confirmed the reasonably high level of knowledge about measles in the Pakistani mothers, the vaccination rate in Karachi to be 66%, and the effective rate of vaccination to be around 78% in Karachi for the time of survey (1988-1990). [Isomura, Akram et al.]
(3) Virological and serological results : We suggested the possible higher positive rate of anti-M protein in serum andin CSF of SSPE patients in Karachi than in Japan and the structural homology between measles virus hemaglutinin (HA) protein and the active site of long neurotoxin, i. e. bungarotoxin. [Yoshikawa et al.]
(4) Host antigen analysis : The HLA frequency pattern in Karachi was found to be different from any of Cocacians, Japanese and Negros and the frequency of some antigens in SSPE was different from control but not with definite statistical significance.
(5) Clinical results : We found the shorter incubation period for the development of SSPE after measles virus infection in SSPE in Karachi and noticeable clinical improvements in many early cases of SSPE treated with inosiplex, which lasted at least for a while. [Akhtar Ahmedet al.]
The number of new cases of SSPE obtained during the three years' course of this study from December 1987 to November 1990 was 29, among which 23 were probable cases with characteristic electroencephalographic findings and definite serological evidence. The rest (6 cases) were either serologically possible of electroencephalographically possible. The total number of our series for the past eight years reached 96, of which 64 were probable cases. [Akhtar Ahmed, Takasu, Yoshikawa et al.]
2. Aetiology of JE-like disease in Pakistan
(1) Virological results : One strain of flavivirus other than both from JE virus and from West Nile (WN) virus was isolated from one pool of Culex mosquitoes other than Culex tritaeniorhyncus and Culex pipiens quinquefaciatus collected in Karachi in August 1988. Otherwise, the result of virus isolation from acute CSF in acute encephalitis and from mosquitoes were all negative. The results of lgM capture ELISA in the acute CSF and serum in acute encephalitis were also all negative. [Igarachi, Kamimura et al.]
(2) Animal epidemiology : The positive rate of anti-JE or -WN virus HI antibodies was relatively low in buffaloes and cows compared with horses, donkeys, sheep and goats, and we found many sera specifically positive for WN virus. The domestic animals in Karachi were found to be infected with WN virus, but only slightly and sporadically with JE virus if any. [Takashima, Hashimoto et al.] Less

Report

(1 results)
  • 1990 Final Research Report Summary
  • Research Products

    (39 results)

All Other

All Publications (39 results)

  • [Publications] 近藤 喜代太郎: "SSPEの集団内頻度と発症要因" 厚生省特定疾患遅発性ウイルス感染調査研究班(班長:立石潤)昭和62年度研究報告書. 11-16 (1988)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1990 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Kiyotaro Kondo: "Neurological diseases in Karachi,Pakistan ーelevated occurrence of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis" Neuroepidemiology. 7. 66-80 (1988)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1990 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] 近藤 喜代太郎: "パキスタン・カラチ市のSSPEの発症要因と対策" 厚生省特定疾患遅発性ウイルス感染調査研究所(班長:山内一也)昭和63年度研究報告書. 19-25 (1988)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1990 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] 高須 俊明: "カラチのSSPEにおける麻疹罹患年齢ーlate measlesからのSSPEの多発ー" 厚生省特定疾患遅発性ウイルス感染調査研究班(班長:山内一也)昭和63年度研究報告書. 26-38 (1988)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1990 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] 吉川 泰弘: "カラチのSSPE患者における抗麻疹ウイルス抗体の特徴" 厚生省特定疾患遅発性ウイルス感染調査研究班(班長:山内一也)昭和63年度研究報告書. 39-45 (1989)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1990 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] 高藤 喜代太郎: "SSPEの成立に関する医生態学的考察" 厚生省特定疾患遅発性ウイルス感染調査研究班(班長:山内一也)平成元年度研究報告書. 29-35 (1990)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1990 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] 高須 俊明: "カラチのSSPEのHLA分析(予報)" 厚生省特定疾患遅発性ウイルス感染調査研究班(班長:山内一也)平成2年度研究報告書. (1991)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1990 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] 吉川 泰弘: "パキスタンと日本のSSPE患者の麻疹ウイルス抗体の比較" 厚生省特定疾患遅発性ウイルス感染調査研究班(班長:山内一也)平成2年度研究報告書. (1991)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1990 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Akhtar Ahmed: "Clinical features of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in Karachi" Proceeding of the 14th WFN World Congress of Neurology,New Dehli,India,1989.

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1990 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Toshiaki TAKATU: "Late measles instead of early measles represents the majority of the ages at occurrence of measles in the subacute sclerosing panencephalitis patients in Karachi,Pakistan" Neuroepidemiology.

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1990 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Toshiaki TAKASU: "Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis develops frequently from measles,more from late than from early measles sufferers in Karachi,Pakistan" Neuroepidemiology.

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1990 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Shaista Rauf: "Treatment with isoprinosine in SSPE in Karachi"

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1990 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Toshiaki TAKASU(ed.in chief): "Encephalitides and Mosquitoes in Karachi ーa neuroーviroーpathoーepidemioーentomological study(カラチの脳炎と蚊)(1st official report to Mombusho)" Karachi Encephalitis Survey Team Secretariat,Nihon University School of Medicine Dept. of Neurology, Tokyo, 1-105 (1985)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1990 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Toshiaki TAKASU(ed.in chief): "Encephalitides and Mosquitoes in Karachi ーa neuroーviroーpathoーepidemioーentomological study(カラチの脳炎と蚊)(2nd official report to Mombusho)" Karachi Encephalitis Survey Team Secretariat,Nihon University School of Medicine Dept. of Neurology, Tokyo, 1-304 (1987)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1990 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Toshiaki TAKASU(ed.in chief): "Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis and the Japanese Encephalitisーlike Disease in Karachi,Pakistanーa clinicoーepidemioーviroーgeneticoーentomoーzoological study(3rd official report to Mombusho)" Karachi Encephalitis Survey Team Secretariat,Nihon University School of Medicine Dept. of Neurology, Tokyo, (1991)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1990 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Toshiaki TAKASU(ed.in chief): "Encephalitides and Mosquitoes in Karachi ーa neuroーviroーpathoーepidemioーentomological study(カラチの脳炎と蚊)(1st Official report to Mombusho)" Karachi Encephalitis Survey Team Secretariat,Nihon Univertsity School of Medicine Dept. of Neurology, Tokyo, 1-105 (1985)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1990 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Toshiaki TAKASU: "Encephalitides and Mosquitoes in Karachi ーa neuroーviroーpathoーepidemioーentomological study(カラチの脳炎と蚊)(2nd official report to Mombusho)" Karachi Encephalitis Survey Team Secretariat,Nihon University School of Medicine Dept. of Neurology, Tokyo, 1-304 (1987)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1990 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Toshiaki TAKASU(et.in chief): "Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis and the Japanese Encephalitisーlike Disease in Karachi, Pakistanーa clinicーepidemioーviroーgeneticoーentomoーzoological study(3rd official report Mombusho)" Karachi Encephalitis Survey Team Secretariat,Nihon University School of Medicine Dept. of Neurology, Tokyo, (1991)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(和文)」より
    • Related Report
      1990 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Kiyotaro KONDO, Shigeharu UEDA, Toshiaki TAKASU, Akhtar AHMED: "Frequency and the risk factors to subacute sclerosing panencephalitis" Annual Report of the Slow Virus Infection Research Committee, the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan, 1987 (Chairman : Jun TATEISHI). 11-17 (1988)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1990 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Kiyotaro KONDO, Toshiaki TAKASU, Akhtar AHMED: "Neurological diseases in Karachi, Pakistan-elevated occurrence of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis" Neuroepidemiology. 7. 66-80 (1988)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1990 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Kiyotaro KONDO, Toshiaki TAKASU, Akhtar AHMED: "Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) in Karachi, Pakistan ; risk factors and prevention" Annual Report of the Slow Virus Infection Research Committee, the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan, 1988 (Chairman : Kazuya YAMANOUCHI). 19-25 (1989)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1990 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Toshiaki TAKASU, Kiyotaro KONDO, Yasuhiro YOSHIKAWA, Kazuya YAMANOUCHI, Masaaki TSUCHIYA: "Age at occurrence of measles in SSPE in Karachi-SSPE develops frequently from late measles in Pakistan" Annual Report of the Slow Virus Infection Research Committee, the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan, 1988 (Chairman : Kazuya YAMANOUCHI). 26-38 (1989)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1990 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Yasuhiro YOSHIKAWA, Kazuya YAMANOUCHI, Toshiaki TAKASU, Kyouko TSUKIYAMA, Yasunaga KAMATA, Akhtar AHMED: "Characterization of anti-measles virus antibodies of SSPE patients in Karachi" Annual Report of the Slow Virus Infection Research Commiittee, the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan, 1988 (Chairman : Kazuya YAMANOUCHI). 39-45 (1989)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1990 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Kiyotaro KONDO, Toshiaki TAKASU, Shigeharu UEDA, Akhtar AHMED: "Medical ecology in the pathogenesis of SSPE" Annual Report of the Slow Virus Infection Research Committee, the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan, 1989 (Chairman : Kazuya YAMANOUCHI). 29-33 (1990)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1990 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Toshiaki TAKASU, Kiyotaro KONDO, Yasuhiro YOSHIKAWA, Kazuya YAMANOUCHI, Shin ISOMURA, Akhtar AHMED, D. S. Akram, Yasmeen AKBANI: "Measles and the development of SSPE from measles sufferers - the characteristic features in Karachi, an area with frequent occurrence -" Annual Report of the Slow Virus Infection Research Committee, the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan, 1989 (Chairman : Kazuya YAMANOUCHI). 35-40 (1990)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1990 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Yasuhiro YOSHIKAWA, Kazuya YAMANOUCHI, Toshiaki TAKASU: "Structural homology between hemagglutinin (HA) of measles virus and the active site of long neurotoxins" Annual Report of the Slow Virus Infection Research Committee, the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan, 1989 (Chairman : Kazuya YAMANOUCHI). 85-94 (1990)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1990 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Yasuhiro YOSHIKAWA: "Structural homology between hemagglutinin (HA) of measles viru and the active site of long neurotoxins - in relation to mechanism of the persistent viral infection in the central nervons system" Advances in Medicine. 155. 334 (1990)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1990 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Kiyotaro KONDO, Toshiaki TAKASU, Shigeharu UEDA, Akhtar AHMED: "The rick factors of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis-an epidemiological analysis" Annual Report of the Research Works on Psychiatric and Neurological Diseases entrusted by the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan, 1989 (Chairman : Shigehiko KAMOSHITA). (1990)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1990 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Yasuhiro YOSHIKAWA, Kazuya YAMANOUCHI, Toshiaki TAKASU, S. Rauf, A. AHMED: "Structural homology between hemagglutinin (HA) of measles virus and the active site of long neurotoxins" Virus Genes. 5. 57-68 (1991)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1990 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Kiyotaro KONDO, Toshiaki TAKASU, Akhtar AHMED: "Risk factors and mother and child health in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in Pakistan" Annual Report of the Slow Virus Infection Research Committee, the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan, 1990 (Chairman : Kazuya YAMANOUCHI). (1991)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1990 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Toshiaki TAKASU, Shinjiro SAWAI, Akhtar AHMED, Shaista RAUF: "HLA analysis in SSPE in Karachi, Pakistan (Preliminary report)" Annual Report of the Slow Virus Infection Research Committee, the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan, 1990 (Chairman : Kazuya YAMANOUCHI). (1991)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1990 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Yasuhiro YOSHIKAWA, Kazuya YAMANOUCHI, Toshiaki TAKASU, Kenji NIHEI, Akhtar AHMED: "Comparison of anti-measles virus antibodies in SSPE patients between Pakistan and Japan" Annual Report of the Slow Virus Infection Research Committee, the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan, 1990 (Chairman : Kazuya YAMANOUCHI). (1991)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1990 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Akhtar AHMED, Masaaki TSUCHIYA, Nobuyuki MURAKAMI, Toshiaki TAKASU, Kiyotaro Kondo: "Clinical features of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in Karachi" The Proceedings of the WFN 14th World Congress of Neurology, New Delhi, India, 1989.

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1990 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Toshiaki TAKASU, Kiyotaro KONDO, Akhtar AHMED, Yasuhiro YOSHIKAWA, Kazuya YAMANOUCHI, Kimihiro NAKAE, Masaaki TSUCHIYA, Nobuyuki MURAKAMI, Shigeharu UEDA: "Late measles instead of early measles represents the majority of the ages at occurrence of measles in the subacute sclerosing panencephalitis patients in Karachi, Pakistan" Neuroepidemiology.

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1990 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Toshiaki TAKASU, Kiyotaro KONDO, Akhtar AHMED, Yasuhiro YOSHIKAWA, Kazuya YAMANOUCHI, Kimihiro NAKAE, Shigeharu UEDA: "Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis develops frequently from measles, more from late than from early measles sufferers in Karachi, Pakistan" Neuroepidemiology.

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1990 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Shaista RAUF, Akhtar AHMED, Toshiaki TAKASU: "Treatment with inosiplex in SSPE patients in Karachi" Karachi Encephalitis Survey Team Secretariat, Nihon University School of Medicine Dept. of Neurology, Tokyo.

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1990 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Toshiaki TAKASU (ed. in chief): Karachi Encephalitis Survey Team Secretariat, Nihon University School of Medicine Dept. of Neurology, Tokyo. Encephalitides and Mosquitoes in Karachia neuro-viro-patho-epidemio-entological survey (1st official report to Monbusho), 1-105 (1985)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1990 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Toshiaki TAKASU (ed. in chief): Karachi Encephalitis Survey Team Secretariat, Nihon University School of Medicine Dept. of Neurology, Tokyo. Encephalitides, Mosquitoes and a Virus in Karachi- a neuro-viro-patho-epidemio-entomological survey (2nd official report to Monbusho), 1-304 (1987)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1990 Final Research Report Summary
  • [Publications] Toshiaki TAKASU (ed. in chief): Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis and the Japanese Encephalitis-like Diseases in Karachi, Pakistan-a clinico-epidemio-viro-genetico-entomo-zoological study (3rd official repot to Monbusho), (1991)

    • Description
      「研究成果報告書概要(欧文)」より
    • Related Report
      1990 Final Research Report Summary

URL: 

Published: 1988-04-01   Modified: 2016-04-21  

Information User Guide FAQ News Terms of Use Attribution of KAKENHI

Powered by NII kakenhi