On oriented ilmenite needles in garnet porphyroblasts from deep crustal granulites: Implications for fluid evolution and cooling history
Highlights
► UHT granulite gneisses contain garnet porphyroblasts with oriented needles of ilmenite in it. ► Petrography, mineral chemistry, SEM and ATEM analyses of the needles and the host garnet were done. ► Monomineralic ilmenite inclusion shows coherence with host garnet at early growth stage. ► Redox-reactions are proposed for evolution of Ti-bearing phases at different metamorphic stage. ► Such studies are important for proper assessment of oxygen fugacity changes during the evolution.
Introduction
High-temperature mineral assemblages often preserve complex textures that serve as unique sensors to document anomalous P–T–X-fluid regimes prevailing in the deep interior of the crust. Many of these textures are subsequently modified by high-temperature recrystallization and/or fluid-induced alteration processes (cf. White and Powell, 2011). However, few intra-grain textures and microstructures may survive to act as fossil evidence (cf. Frost and Chako, 1989). Ti-bearing mineral inclusions (particularly rutile) in clinopyroxene, garnet and biotite have been reported to be formed from ultra-high pressure (UHP) conditions where these host minerals can accommodate TiO2 in their structure to be subsequently unmixed during retrogression producing oriented intergrowth textures (Hwang et al., 2007, Zhang et al., 2003). On the other hand, exsolution textures in pyroxene, feldspar and spinel grains have provided important clues on high-temperature to ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) metamorphic processes (Harley, 1987, Hokada, 2001, Sengupta et al., 1999, Waters, 1991). The above-mentioned examples represent exsolution from complex solid solution, resulting in oriented intergrowth of one end-member within the host end-member. The high-temperature complex solid solution phases sometimes decompose at lower temperatures to form an array of different minerals. Tschermak-enriched orthopyroxene thus decomposes to sapphirine, spinel and cordierite during cooling at low- to mid-crustal depths (Bose et al., 2006, Das et al., 2006, Gasparik, 1994). Sometimes, these textures are a product of redox reactions (Harlov and Hansen, 2005, Harlov et al., 1997, Sengupta et al., 1999) and hence become important to assess the role of fluids. The choice of proper petrogenetic grid in appropriate bulk rock compositions to characterize the evolutionary path (s) depends heavily on the proper assessment of fluid, particularly oxygen fugacity (Carrington and Harley, 1995, Das et al., 2001, Das et al., 2003, Hensen, 1986). Careful textural characterization is important in such complex intergrowths since similar intra-grain textures could also form due to multi-phase mineral inclusion within a porphyroblastic mineral (Wang et al., 1999). Although it is really problematic to decide which one of these two processes is responsible for a particular case, it is noted from textural standpoint that exsolution textures normally follow crystallographic planes (Dymek and Gromet, 1984, Jaffe and Schumacher, 1985).
Different reaction textures and intergrowth textures in granulite-grade rocks over the last decade have revealed several cases of anomalous P–T conditions in the lower continental crust. Characterization of UHT metamorphism is one such extremity (e.g., Clark et al., 2011, Harley, 2008, Kelsey, 2008). It has been argued that many regional granulite terrains preserve evidence of UHT metamorphism, putting important constraints on the thermal structure and related tectonic setting of ancient orogens (Clark et al., 2011, Harley, 2008, Johnson and Harley, 2012, Kelsey, 2008). Apart from the conventional textures revealing diagnostic UHT assemblages (e.g. sapphirine–quartz–aluminous orthopyroxene in aluminous granulites), other textures and chemical signatures also provide important clues for UHT metamorphism and subsequent retrograde evolutionary processes (Bose et al., 2006, Das et al., 2006, Harley, 2008). Such criteria are particularly relevant for rocks where diagnostic assemblages are absent and UHT metamorphism cannot otherwise be proved. It has been demonstrated that careful textural and chemical analyses in microdomain-scale can be used to unravel UHT peak conditions even after significant retrogressive change occurs in such rocks (Harley, 2008). It is therefore important to evaluate such unusual textures from rocks where UHT metamorphism has already been characterized. The detailed textural analysis not only helps in understanding extreme conditions of crustal metamorphism, but also reveals the histories of complex fluid-rock interactions whose direct evidences are often not preserved in the rocks.
The Eastern Ghats Belt (EGB) occurs along the eastern coast of India (Fig. 1) and represents a regional granulite terrain having different crustal domains with separate metamorphic, structural and isotopic characteristics (Dasgupta and Sengupta, 2003, Dasgupta et al., 2012, Dobmeier and Raith, 2003, Rickers et al., 2001). Petrological data reveal that the rocks of central part of the EGB (i.e. Domain II of Rickers et al., 2001) evolved through anticlockwise P–T trajectory and reached UHT condition during peak metamorphic stage at ca. 1030–990 Ma (Bose et al., 2011, Das et al., 2011, Korhonen et al., 2011). Subsequently, these rocks cooled isobarically before being transported to mid-crustal level by a decompressive tectonics (Dasgupta and Sengupta, 2003) during a second granulite-facies metamorphism at ca. 950–900 Ma (Bose et al., 2011, Das et al., 2011). The rocks, thus witnessed multiple phases of granulite-facies metamorphism displaying complex textures and microstructures. However, discrete temporal relationship of orogenic events among different domains of the EGB makes it difficult to offer a unified tectonic model for the entire belt (Dasgupta et al., 2012). Furthermore, the exact nature and cause of sustained heat flow beneath the EGB crust is still a matter of speculation in absence of unique model of tectonic development (Gupta, 2012).
In this work, we study intergrowth textures within garnet porphyroblasts from a lithological assemblage containing aluminous granulite and quartzofeldspathic gneisses from the central part of the EGB. The submicroscopic intergrowths have been investigated under scanning electron microscope and analytical transmission electron microscope to identify their relationship with the host garnet. The possible formation mechanism of such intergrowths has been discussed in terms of fluid-rock interaction during peak metamorphism and subsequent retrograde processes suffered by the rocks of this terrain.
Section snippets
Geological background
The studied rocks are aluminous granulite and quartzofeldspathic gneisses from Shimliguda, situated at the central part of EGB. The rock hosting the studied garnet is foliated quartzofeldspathic gneiss (leptynite) whereas the other variety of quartzofeldspathic rock is pegmatitic in nature. The host quartzofeldspathic gneiss is migmatitic (sample EGB-4e) with bands rich in garnet + biotite + ilmenite alternating with quartz–feldspar rich layers. Garnet porphyroblasts also occur as disseminated
Field relations
The samples used in this study are collected from a rock suite where quartzofeldspathic gneiss (leptynitic gneiss, sample EGB-4e) occurs as host of aluminous granulite and charnockite (Fig. 2). The host leptynite is migmatitic and shows gneissic foliation (40°/54°SE) defined by garnet–biotite-rich dark bands alternated with quartzofeldspar-rich leucocratic layers (few mm up to 1 cm thick). Aluminous granulite (sample EGB-4q) occurs as isolated gneissic foliation-parallel bands in host leptynitic
Texture and microstructures
Coarse megacrystic garnet grains in leptynite and pegmatite occur within the layers of mesoperthitic feldspar with plagioclase and quartz. Most coarse garnet grains show a resorbed grain outline surrounded by a granulated matrix (Fig. 4a). Coarse perthite shows marginal granulation, flattening, undulose extinction and extensive exsolution. Plagioclase grains are present in the matrix, as well as tiny granules surrounding perthite grains. The latter grains were probably formed by exsolution of
ATEM observations
We have examined the microstructures of garnet porphyroblasts using an analytical transmission electron microscope (ATEM, JEOL JEM-2010) equipped with an energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS, Noran Voyager) at Kobe University. Samples for the ATEM observations were removed from a polished thin section and prepared as thin foil by Ar+ ion bombardment at 4 kV and 0.8 mA. In order to minimize the structural damage by Ar+ beam heating, ion milling was done using a liquid-nitrogen-cooled sample holder.
Mineral chemistry
Minerals from representative samples (Samples EGB-4e and EGB-4g) were analyzed with a JEOL-JXA 8600 Electron Probe Micro Analyzer at Kobe University, Japan. The instrument was operated at 15 kV acceleration voltage and 200 nA current. Spot analyses were done using 1–2 μm electron beam diameter. Natural and synthetic standards were used for most of the common minerals. Synthetic CaF2 were used as a standard for fluorine analysis of biotite. The ZAF-corrected data are presented in Table 1, Table 2.
Physical conditions of metamorphism
Thermobarometric calculations using conventional methods were initially applied for equilibrated mineral assemblages in the studied rocks. However, the calculated temperature values (< 600 °C) are too low for granulite-facies condition and obviously imply extensive retrogressive changes in the mineral systematics. The garnet–biotite thermometers give T = 470–480 °C using the calibration of Ferry and Spear (1978), whereas the calibration of Dasgupta et al. (1991) provides slightly higher estimates
Evolution of the assemblages
Petrographic observations indicate that the peak mineral assemblage is represented by garnet + K-feldspar + plagioclase + quartz and spinelSS + sillimanite. There are modal variations of these minerals in different microdomains. For the garnet-dominated domain, the titaniferous biotite inclusion in garnet suggests that garnet appears from Mg-rich pelitic protolith by the possible dehydration melting reaction:
The presence of perthite + quartz + plagioclase
Summary
The rocks under purview of this study evolved through partial melting process of a biotite-bearing protolith. The Ti–F rich biotite inclusions in garnet suggest formation of garnet during dehydration melting. Occurrence of ilmenite (with exsolved hematite) needles in garnet indicates reaction-driven exsolution during cooling of a compositionally complex garnet solid solution. Ti-contents of the complex garnet components were possibly inherited from the Ti-rich biotite undergoing
Acknowledgments
We are thankful to Ichiro Ohnishi for helping in EPMA analysis, and Yoshikazu Fujii for his support in ATEM analysis at the Instrumentation Analysis Division, Kobe University. We acknowledge DST India for their research grant to KD and SB. We are extremely fortunate to receive incisive comments from Prof. Eric Essene on an earlier version of this manuscript. Professor Essene's criticisms and suggestions, especially on possible Ti-bearing garnet breakdown reactions presented here helped us to
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