ナノスケール構造制御機能材料の開発

1992 年度 実績報告書

• 研究課題/領域番号: 04NP0501
• 研究機関: 東北大学
• 研究代表者: 仁科 雄一郎 東北大学, 金属材料研究所, 教授 (90005851)
• 研究分担者: 桜井 利夫 東北大学, 金属材料研究所, 教授 (20143539) ; 平井 敏雄 東北大学, 金属材料研究所, 教授 (50005865) ; 後藤 武生 東北大学, 理学部, 教授 (10004342) ; 鈴木 謙爾 東北大学, 金属材料研究所, 教授 (10005861)
• キーワード: ナノスケール組織 / 微粒子 / マイクロクラスター / ナノスケール構造 / クラスタービーム / 量子サイズ効果 / 薄膜成長 / 電子機能材料

研究概要

平成4年度では初年度に引続いてナノ構造特殊材料の創製を試み、詳細な特性評価をを行った。また、新しいナノ構造評価装置として低温走査"力"顕微鏡、原子アトム・プローブ分析装置の開発製作を開始した。各研究班の主な成果は以下のごとくである。
研究班1では、新しいナノスケール物質として鉄と銀クラスターを複合堆積させたグラニュラーマテリアルの作製に成功し、この磁性材料が約40%の巨大磁気抵抗効果(GMR)を示すことを見出した。
研究班2では、波長可変のフェムト秒レーザー光の設置を終え、マトリックス中に埋め込まれた各種金属或は半導体クラスターの磁気的及び非線形光学的物性を解析した。特にアルカリ金属クラスターを内包したゼオライト化合物が強磁性を示すことを明らかにした。
研究班3では、室温で単斜晶、高温になると六方晶に変態する新ゼオライトを合成した。また、スパッタ法でA1-A1Nのナノ粒子分散複合材料の膜を合成することに成功した。この膜は原料Nの量を調節することにより、A1-A1Nの傾斜膜にもなり、今後A1材へのコーディング材としての利用が期待できる。
研究班4では、C60、C84等のフラーレンクラスターをシリコン、銅結晶表面に結晶薄膜として配列蒸着し、その吸着初期過程における構造と電子状態を調べた。また原子配列同定アトムプローブ装置を開発し、磁性材料のナノ構造評価を行った。
研究班5では、硫黄、セレンクラスターを溶媒抽出法により生成し、グラファイト表面に規則正しく吸着配列させることに成功した。またレーザーアブレーション法を用いてナノスケールサイズの巨大炭素クラスターを生成する方法を開発した。更にこれらの配列クラスターの電子機能素子への応用を踏まえ、走査トンネル顕微鏡の探針による変形、移動などの操作を行う方法を見出した。

研究成果

• [文献書誌] M.S.El-Eskandarany: "Solid State Formation of Al-TM(TM:Ti,Zr,Nb and Ta)Amorphous Alloys by Mechanical Rod Milling" Mat.Sci.Forum. 88-90. 81-88 (1992)
• [文献書誌] M.S.El-Eskandarany: "Reactive Ball Mill For Solid State Synthesis of Metal Nitrides Powders" Mat.Sci.Forum. 88-90. 801-808 (1992)
• [文献書誌] M.S.El-Eskandarany: "Morphological and Structural Evolution of Nonequilibrium Titanium-Nitride Alloy Powders Produced by Reactive Ball Milling" J.Mat.Res.7. 888-893 (1992)
• [文献書誌] M.S.El-Eskandarany: "Thermally Asisted Solid State Amorphization of Rod-Milled Al_<50>Nb_<50>" J.Appl.Phys.71. 2924-2930 (1992)
• [文献書誌] M.S.El-Eskandarany: "Calorimetric and Morphological Studies of Mechanically Alloyed and Mechanically Disordered Al-50at% Transition Metal Alloy Powders" 粉体および粉末冶金. 39. 836-841 (1992)
• [文献書誌] M.S.El-Eskandarany: "Difference between Mechanical Alloying and Mechanical Disordering in the Amorphization Reaction of Al_<50>Ta_<50> in a Rod Mill" J.Alloys & Comp.177. 229-244 (1992)
• [文献書誌] M.S.El-Eskandarany: "Thermodynamics and Morphology of the Amorphization Reaction during the Rod-Milling of Al-50at% Ta Alloy Powder" J.Non-Cryst.Solids. 150. 472-477 (1992)
• [文献書誌] M.S.El-Eskandarany: "Formation of Metastable Niobium-Nitride Alloy Powders by Reactive Ball Milling" J.Appl.Phys.Lett.
• [文献書誌] T.Fukunaga: "Short Range Structure of(Cu_<40>Ti_<60>)x(Ni_<40>Ti_<60>)_<1-X>(0<X<1)Ternary Metallic Glasses Studied by Neutron Diffraction" J.Non-Cryst.Solids. 150. 10-14 (1992)
• [文献書誌] T.Fukunaga: "Atomic Structure of Al_<55>(Cr_<1-X>Mn_<X15>)Si_<30> Metallic Glasses Observed by Neutron Diffraction" J.Non-Cryst.Solids. 150. 15-20 (1992)
• [文献書誌] S.Hino: "Ultraviolet Photoemission Spectra of C_<84> and K_<X84>" Chem.Phys.Lett.190. 169-178 (1992)
• [文献書誌] S.Hino: "Ultraviolet Photoemission Spectra of C_<76> and KC_<76>" Chem.Phys.Lett.197. 38-43 (1992)
• [文献書誌] Y.Homma: "Crystal-to-Amorphous Transition of NiV and NiZr Intermetallic Compounds by Mechanical Milling" J.Mat.Res.7. 339-346 (1992)
• [文献書誌] Y.Homma: "Coherent Kondo State in Amorphous Ce-Ru Alloy" J.Phys.Soc.Jpn.
• [文献書誌] Y.Homma: "Superconductivity of Amorphous Ce-82at%Ru Alloy" Physica B.
• [文献書誌] E.Ivanov: "Structural and Magnetic Properties of Nonequilibrium bcc Nickel Prepared by Leaching of Mechanically Alloyed Ni_<35>Al_<65>" J.Alloys and Compounds. 185. 25-34 (1992)
• [文献書誌] E.Ivanov: "Non-equilibrium f.c.c.Phase and Valence Fluctuation in Immiscible Yb-Ce Alloy Produced by Mechanical Alloying," J.Alloys Compound.
• [文献書誌] F.Kakinuma: "The Structure of Liquid Sb-Se Alloys" J.Non-Cryst.Solids. 150. 53-57 (1992)
• [文献書誌] H.Kamiyama: "Ab-Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulation of C_<60>" Proc.of Physics and Chemistry of Finite Systems:From Clusters to Crystals. 1335-1340 (1992)
• [文献書誌] H.Kamiyama: "Ab-Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Monolayer C_<60> Thin Film on Silicon(100)Surface" Z.Phys.D.
• [文献書誌] H.Kamiyama: "Ab-Initio Mixed Basis Molecular Dynamics Simulation of C_<60>" Proc.of the 2nd CAMSE.
• [文献書誌] T.Kamiyama: "A SAXS study of the Gelation Process of Silicon and Titanium Alkoxides" J.Non-Cryst.Solids. 150. 157-162 (1992)
• [文献書誌] T.Kamiyama: "A SAXS Observation of the Crystallization of Al_<85>Y_<10>Ni_5 Amorphous Alloy in the Supercooled Liquid State" J.Non-Cryst.Solids. 150. 172-178 (1992)
• [文献書誌] T.Kamiyama: "A Coherent Quasielastic Neutron Scattering Study of NO_3^-Ion Motion in Molten RbNO_3" J.Non-Cryst.Solids. 150. 292-296 (1992)
• [文献書誌] Y.Kawazoe: "Electronic Structure of Layered C_<60> and C_<70> on Si(100)Surface" Jpn.J.Appl.Phys.
• [文献書誌] Y.Kawazoe: "Structure of Layered C_<60> on Si(100)Surface Studied by Ab-Initio and Classical Molecular Dynamics Simulations" Mater.Sci.Enging.B.
• [文献書誌] K.J.Kim: "Structure and Magnetic Properties of Mechanically Grinded γ'-Fe_4N Iron Nitride" 粉体および粉末冶金.
• [文献書誌] K.J.Kim: "Structural and Calorimetric Studies of Amorphous Cu_<71>Ni_<11>P_<18>Alloy Produced by Ball-Milling" J.Non-Cryst.Solids.
• [文献書誌] K.J.Kim: "Formation of Nanocrystalline and Amorphous Phases in Cu_<80>P_<20>,Ni_<82>P_<18> and Cu_<87>Ni_<13> Mechanically Alloyed Systems" J.Non-Cryst.Solids.
• [文献書誌] H.Kobayashi: " ^<161>Dy Mossbauer Study of DyMn_2Ge_2-the Electronic Ground State of the Dy Ion,and the Magnetic Structure" J.Magn.& Magn.Mat.109. 17-26 (1992)
• [文献書誌] M.Kudoh: "A New Cluster-Cluster Aggregation Model for the Sol-Gel Transition of SiO_2" J.Cryst.Growth in press.
• [文献書誌] M.Kudoh: "Dynamical Simulation of New Cluster-Cluster Aggregation Model for the Sol-Gel Transition of SiO_2 Glass" Proc.of the 2nd CAMSE.
• [文献書誌] S.A.Makhlouf: "Nanoscale Quasi-Amorphous Nickel Produced by Leaching Sputter-Deposited Ni_<25>Al_<75> Alloy" J.Alloys and Compounds. 187. L1-L6 (1992)
• [文献書誌] S.A.Makhlouf: "Structural and Magnetic Properties of Nanocrystalline bcc Cobalt Particles Obtained by Leaching of Mechanically Alloyed Co-Al" J.Alloys and Compounds. 189. 117-121 (1992)
• [文献書誌] S.A.Makhlouf: "Giant Magnetoresistance of Fe-Cluster-Dispersed Ag Films" J.Magn.& Magn.Mat.
• [文献書誌] S.A.Makhlouf: "Formation of Nominal Nickel Amorphous Phase by Mechanical Milling and Leaching" J.Alloys & Comp.
• [文献書誌] S.A.Makhlouf: "A Mossbauer Study of Fe Clusters Grown in Ag Matrix" Nuclear Instr.& Methods in Phys.Res.
• [文献書誌] S.A.Makhlouf: "Structural and Magnetic Properties of Nanocrystalline bcc Cobalt Particles Obtained by Leaching of Mechanically Alloyed Co-Al" J.Alloys and Compounds.
• [文献書誌] T.Nasu: "Solid State Amorphization of a Ni-B Alloy by Mechanical Alloying" Mat.Res.Soc.Symp.Proc.205. 195-200 (1992)
• [文献書誌] K.Nishioka: "Thermodynamic Formula of Liquid Phase Nucleation from Vapor in Multicomponent Systems" J.Chem.Phys.96. 5370-5376 (1992)
• [文献書誌] K.Nishioka: "Thermodynamic Formula for the Reversible Work of Forming a Non-Critical Cluster from the Vapor in Multi-Component Systems" J.Chem.Phys.97. 6687-6689 (1992)
• [文献書誌] K.Nishioka: "Thermodynamic Formula of Homogeneous Nucleation" Physca Scripta. T44. 23-30 (1992)
• [文献書誌] K.Nishioka: "Interfacial Thermodynamics of Non-Critical Clusters and Homogeneous Nucleation in Multi-Component Systems" J.Cryst.Growth.
• [文献書誌] K.Ohno: "Electronic States of Monolayer C_<60> Thin Film on Silicon(100)Surface" Proc.of the 21st Int.Conf.on Physis of Semiconductors.
• [文献書誌] H.Onodera: "Magnetic Phases in DyMn_2Si_2 Compound Studied by ^<161>Dy Mossbauer Spectroscopy" J.Magn.& Magn.Mat.109. 249-259 (1992)
• [文献書誌] H.Onodera: "Electric Field Gradients and Structureal Anisotropy in Amorphous Fe(Cr)-B and Fe(Cr)-P Alloys Studied by ^<57>Fe Mossbauer Spectroscopy" Sci.Rep.RITU. A36. 200-212 (1992)
• [文献書誌] H.Rafii-Taber: "Influence of Cluster Size on the Nano-Mechanics of Tip-Substrate Interaction" Proc.of the 2nd CAMSE.
• [文献書誌] H.Rafii-Taber: "Dynamics of Atomic Molecular-Surface Interactions in Tip-Substrate Geometry" Jpn.J.Appl.Phys.
• [文献書誌] K.Shibata: "Correlated Atomic Motions in Pd_<79>Si_<21> Alloy Glass Observed by Inelastic Pulsed Neutron Scattering" J.Non-Cryst.Solids. 150. 251-254 (1992)
• [文献書誌] T.Shinohara: "NMR Studies on Amorphous,Icosahedral and Crystalline Phases" J.Mater.Res.7. 62-67 (1992)
• [文献書誌] T.Shinohara: "NMR Studies on Icosahedral and Crystalline Phases in Al_<67>Cu_<20>Mn_<13> Alloys" Sci.Rep.RITU. A36. 316-325 (1992)
• [文献書誌] T.Shinohara: "Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of the Al-Pd-Mn Quasicrystallne Alloys" J.Phys.:Condens.Matter. 4. 3043-3050 (1992)
• [文献書誌] T.Shinohara: " ^<27>Al-and ^<63>Cu-NMR in Quasicrystalline Al_<65>Cu_<20>TM_<15> Alloys(TM=Fe,Ru and Os)" J.Mater.Res.7. 1970-1972 (1992)
• [文献書誌] T.Shinohara: "NMR Study on Al_<75-X>Pd_<15>Mn_<10+X> Quasicrystalline Alloys" Mater.Trans.JIM. 34. 146-150 (1992)
• [文献書誌] K.Sumiyama: "The Amorphous Structure of Immiscible Fe-Cu-Ag Alloys" J.Non-Cryst.Solids. 150. 391-395 (1992)
• [文献書誌] K.Sumiyama: "Short-Range Structure of Amorphous Phase in the Immiscible Type Fe_<1-Y>(Cu_<1-X>Ag_X)_Y Alloy System" Phys.Stat.Sol.(a)132. 269-279 (1992)
• [文献書誌] K.Sumiyama: "Mossbauer Effect of Amorphous Fe-Cu-Ag Alloy" Nuclear Instr.& Methods in Phys.Res.
• [文献書誌] K.Sumiyama: "Electron Transport Properties in Ce-Based Amorphous Heavy Fermion Systems" Physica B.
• [文献書誌] K.Suzuki: "A Heavy Fermion-type Behavior of Ce-Based Amorphous Alloys" J.Non-Cryst.Solids.
• [文献書誌] K.Suzuki: "Heavy-Fermion Behavior in Amorphous and Crystallized CeCu_6 alloys Produced by Sputter Deposition," J.Magn.& Magn.Mat.108. 161-162 (1992)
• [文献書誌] K.Suzuya: "A SAXS Study of the Nanometer Scale Hybrid Structure of Si-Ti-C-O Amorphous Fibers" J.Non-Cryst.Solids. 150. 167-171 (1992)
• [文献書誌] K.Suzuya: "The Polycarbosilane-to-Si_XC_<1-X> Conversion Studied by Inelastic Neutron Scattering and Infrared Absorption" J.Non-Cryst.Solids. 150. 255-259 (1992)
• [文献書誌] T.Takahashi: "Comparative Photoemission Study of Rb_XC_<60>,Rb_XC_<70> and RbC_8;a Pseudo-Gap at the Fermi Level in the Fulleride" Physica. C190. 205-209 (1992)
• [文献書誌] T.Takahashi: "Pseudo-Gap at the Fermi Level in Rb_8C_<60> Observed by Photoemission and Inverse Photoemission" Phys.Rev.Lett.68. 1282-1285 (1992)
• [文献書誌] T.Takahashi: "Pseudo-Gap and Electronic Structure near the Fermi Level in Doped C_<60>" Comments on Condens.Mat.Phys.16. 113-123 (1992)
• [文献書誌] T.Takahashi: "Photoemission and Inverse Photoemission of Alkali-Doped C_<60>" J.Chem.Phys.Solids. 53. 1705-1710 (1992)
• [文献書誌] F.Wastin: "Influence of the Synthesis Mode on Electronic Properties of Ce-Ni Amorphous Alloys" Physica B.
• [文献書誌] H.Yasuda: "Topologically and Chemically Homogeneous Amorphous Fe-Ti Alloys" Phys.Stat.Sol.(a)129. 59-69 (1992)
• [文献書誌] T.Kodaira,: "Optical Absorption Spectra of Sodium Clusters Incorporated into Zeolite LTA." Mol.Cryst.Liq.Cryst.218. 55-60 (1992)
• [文献書誌] Z.K.Tang: "Frenkel Excitons in Ordered PbI_2 Clusters Incorporated into Zeolite." Mol.Cryst.Liq.Cryst.218. 61-66 (1992)
• [文献書誌] Y.Nozue: "Ferromagnetism of Potassium Clusters Incorporated into Zeolite LTA." Phys.Rev.Lett.68. 3789-3792 (1992)
• [文献書誌] S.Saito: "Pressure Effect on Excitons in PbI_2 Microcrystallites." Solid State Commun.84. 1043-1045 (1992)
• [文献書誌] Z.K.Tang: "Quantum Size Effect on the Excited State of HgI_2,PbI_2 and BiI_3 Clusters and Molecules in Zeolite LTA." J.Phys.Soc.Jpn. 61. 2943-2950 (1992)
• [文献書誌] Tadashi Itoh: "Photofatigue Effect on Exciton Luminescence in Microcrystals of CuCl." Proceedings of the 2nd Taiwan-Japan Workshop on Solid-State Optical Spectroscopy(Osaka,1992). 208-212 (1992)
• [文献書誌] Tadashi Itoh: "Stress-induced Mixing of Light and Heavy Exciton States in Thin Films of CdTe and CdMnTe Epitaxially Grown on GaAs Substrates," Journal of Crystal Growth. 117. 835-839 (1992)
• [文献書誌] 伊藤 正: "半導体超微粒子CuClの光物性" セラミックス. 27. 508-514 (1992)
• [文献書誌] Y.Ohfuti: "Spontaneous Emission Rate of 0 to 3D Systems Nonlocal Formulation." Jpn.J.Appl.Phys.5 (1993)
• [文献書誌] H.Ishihara: "Resonant Enhancement of Internal Field as a function of Mesoscopic System Size:An Unnoticed Source of Large Optical Nonlinearity in Nonlocal Response." Proc.Int.Conf.on Science and Technology of Mesoscopic Structures,ed.by S.Namba,C.Hamaguchi and T.Ando(Springer Verlag,1992). 464-469 (1992)
• [文献書誌] Y.Ohfuti: "Nonlocal Formulation of Optical Response of an Assembly of Fine Particles." Proc.Itoh.Conf.on Science and Technology of Mesoscopic Structures,ed.by S.Namba,C.Hamaguchi and T.Ando(Springer Verlag,1992). 457-463 (1992)
• [文献書誌] 張 紀久夫: "線形・非線形の共鳴光学応答における非局所性" 数理科学(サイエンス社). 10. 22-27 (1992)
• [文献書誌] Y.Kayanuma: "Wannier Excitons on a Microsphere" Solid State Commun.84. 771-774 (1992)
• [文献書誌] Y.Kayanuma: "Resonant Interaction of Photons with Randomly Distributed Quantum Dots." ¨Nonlinear Optics,Fundamentals,Materials and Devices¨(Elsevier Science Publishers)ed.by S.Miyata. 79-84 (1992)
• [文献書誌] Y.Kayanuma: "Resonant Interaction of Photons with a Random Array of Quantum Dots." J.Phys.Soc.Jpn. 62. 346-356 (1993)
• [文献書誌] 萱沼 洋輔: "ゼロ次元結晶の光応答特性" 応用物理. 61. 796-799 (1992)
• [文献書誌] Y.Maeda: "Mechanism of Visible Photoluminescence from μc-Ge Embedded in SiO_2 Glassy Matrices." Extended Abst.1992 Itoh.Conf.SSDM,(Tsukuba Aug.1992). 379-381 (1992)
• [文献書誌] Y.Kanemitsu: "On the Origin of Visible Photoluminescence in Nanometer-Size Ge Crystallites." Appl.Phys.Lett.61. 2187-2189 (1992)
• [文献書誌] 前田 佳均: "Ge超微粒子からの発光" 応用物理. 61. 1251-1254 (1992)
• [文献書誌] W.M.Tong: "Atomic Force Microscope Studies of CuCl Island Formation on CaF_2(111)Substrates." Surf.Sci.Lett.277. L63 (1992)
• [文献書誌] A.Yanase: "Heteroepitaxial Growth of CuCl on MgO(001)Substrates" Surf.Sci.Lett.278. L105 (1992)
• [文献書誌] H.Kurisu: "Pressure Induced Quantum Confined Excitons in Layered Metal Tri-Iodide Crystals," Jpn.J.Appl.Phys.32 Suppl.32-1. 285-287 (1993)
• [文献書誌] H.Kurisu: "Hydrostatic Pressure Effects on the Exciton and Exciton-phonon Interaction in BiI_3 Crystals," J.Phys.Soc.Jpn.62. 1048-1056 (1993)
• [文献書誌] M.Ichida: "Dephasing Processes on the Stacking-fault Excitons in BiI_3" Phys.Rev.B. 47. 1474-1482 (1993)
• [文献書誌] T.Goto: "Coating of Titanium Carbide Films on Stainless Steel by Chemical Vapour Deposition and their Corrosion Behaviour in a Br_2-O_2-Ar Atmosphere" J.Mat.Sci.27. 233-239 (1992)
• [文献書誌] M.Omori: "Thermal and Dielectric Properties of Zirconly Phosphate Compact" J.Mat.Sci.27. 408-412 (1992)
• [文献書誌] 増本 博: "ECRプラズマスパッタリング法によるチタン酸ビスマス膜の作製と光学特性" 粉体および粉末冶金. 39. 109-112 (1992)
• [文献書誌] 佐々木 眞: "化学気相析出法によるTiC/C系傾斜機能材料の合成" 粉体および粉末冶金. 39. 295-298 (1992)
• [文献書誌] 山根 久典: "CVD法によるSi基板上へのY-Ba-Cu-O超伝導膜の作製" 粉体および粉末冶金. 39. 740-743 (1992)
• [文献書誌] Y.Miyazaki,: "(C_<0.35>Cu_<0.65>)Sr_2(Y_<0.73>Ce_<0.27>)_2Cu_2Ox A new Superconductor Containing CO_3" Physica C. 202. 162-166 (1992)
• [文献書誌] Y.Masuda: "Crystal Growth,Dielectric and Polarization Reversal Properties of Bi_4Ti_3O_<12> Single Crystal" Jpn.J.Appl.Phys.31. 3108-3112 (1992)
• [文献書誌] T.Takahashi: "Electronic Properties and Mechanisms of High Tc Superconductors" North-Holland, 21-28 (1992)
• [文献書誌] H.Yamane: "Chemical Vapor Deposition of High-Tc Superconducting Oxide Thin Films" High Tc Superconductor Thin Films,Proc.of Symposium Al on High Temperature Superconductor Thin Films of the Int.Conf.on Advanced Materials, 11 (1992)
• [文献書誌] H.Yamane: "Effect of Oxygen Partial Pressure on the Chemical Vapor Deposition of Y-Ba-Cu-O Superconducting Films" High Tc Superconductor Thin Films,Proc.of Symposium Al on High Temperature Superconductor Thin Films of the Int.Conf.on Advanced Materials, (1992)
• [文献書誌] H.Yamane: "Microstructure of CVD Y-Ba-Cu-O Films on SrTiO3(100) substrates" Int.Workshop on Supercond.Co-Sponsored by ISTEC and MRS Controlled Growth of Single-and Poly-Crystals of High Temperature Superconductors, 3 (1992)
• [文献書誌] T.Hirai: "Preparation of Superconducting Oxide Films by Electron Cyclotoron Resonance Plasma Sputtering and Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition" chemical designing and processing of high Tc superconductors,Report of Science Research on Priority Area Ministry of Education,Science and Culture, 6 (1993)
• [文献書誌] T.Sakurai,T.Hashizume,and Y.Hasegawa,: "“A Study of Alkali Metal Adsorption on Si Surfaces by Field Ion Scanning Tunneling Microscopy,"“Ordering at Surfaces and Interfaces."" Springer,Berlin Heidelberg Eds.A.Yoshimori,T.Shinjo and H.Watanabe,10 (1992)
• [文献書誌] T.Sakurai,T.Hashizume and A.Sakai,: "“Observing the Surfaces-Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Recent Topics-,"" Buturigaku Saizennsenn(Frontier in Physics Series),vol.29,ed.Y.Otsuki,Baifu-kan Publ.Tokyo,93 (1992)