複雑液体の物理A02揺らぎと緩和過程

1995 年度 実績報告書

• 研究課題/領域番号: 07236103
• 研究機関: 京都大学
• 研究代表者: 梶 慶輔 京都大学, 化学研究所, 教授 (00026072)
• 研究分担者: 岡田 勲 東京工業大学, 総合理工学研究科, 教授 (60011582) ; 好村 滋洋 広島大学, 総合科学部, 教授 (50034583) ; 橋本 竹治 京都大学, 工学部, 教授 (20026230) ; 鈴木 謙爾 東北大学, 金属材料研究所, 教授 (10005861) ; 八尾 誠 京都大学, 理学部, 助教授 (70182293)
• キーワード: 複雑液体 / 揺らぎと緩和 / 超臨界流体 / ガラス転移 / ソフトマタ- / 中性子散乱 / 流体水銀 / 硝酸塩融体

研究概要

本研究では、複雑液体の揺らぎと緩和過程に関する実験的研究を目的とした。ここでは、1.超臨界流体の密度揺らぎ構造、特に液体金属、液体半導体について、2.非晶体のダイナミクス、特にガラス転移について、3.ソフトマタ-のスローダイナミクスについて重点的に研究を行った。
第一のテーマでは、流体水銀の超臨界点近傍での構造を研究し、液体から気体に相転移する臨界点より少し低い温度で前駆濡れ現象が起こること、臨界点近傍で臨界吸着が起こること、および誘電率測定から、その理由も検討した(八尾)。カルコゲン液体では、液体セレンの半導体から金属への転移温度、圧力がテルルを混合すると低下することなど多くの結果を得た(遠藤)。ガラス中のアルカリイオンの拡散をシミュレーションし、異種のイオンを混合すると両者の拡散係数が共に低下するという混合アルカリ効果の原因を解明した(岡田)。
第二のテーマでは、非晶高分子ではガラス転移温度(Tg)より約50Kだけ低い温度からポテンシャルのカゴの中での前駆運動が開始され、Tg付近ではカゴから飛び出す分子の局所形態変化の開始を見た(自由体積理論と一致)。しかし、大きな側鎖をもつときには理論から大きくずれた。光子相関計測定では非晶高分子中に数100nmの揺らぎを観察した(梶)。硝酸塩では、ガラス形成能をもつ混合硝酸塩融体中の硝酸イオンの回転拡散運動はガラス転移点に近ずくにつれて遅くなり、単体の場合とは異なることを発見した。また、アモルファス合金の実験では、融体から過冷却液体に転移する過程で大きな密度揺らぎが生じることを発見した(鈴木)。石英ガラスを圧縮すると種々の変化が起こることを発見し、モデル計算からそれらの変化が非晶質中に存在する中間距離相関によると結論した(新井)。
第三のテーマでは、高分子ブロック共重合体の相転移とパターン形成について研究を行い、前者では無秩序マトリックス中にラメラ構造が発達すること、後者ではいくつかの新しい双曲面界面からなる三次元共連続構造を発見し、この構造が単体よりも混合系に多いことを見出した(橋本)。マイクロエマルジョンの研究では、ミクロな相互作用を水と油の反発を表すパラメータと両親媒性を表すパラメータで決定出きることなどを示した。中性子スピンエコー分光器の整備は、約5倍の測定効率の向上を実現したが、検出器については目下整備中である(好村)。

研究成果

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