秒の時間領域から分子進化レベルにわたる生物の光環境応答の解析

1996 年度 実績報告書

• 研究課題/領域番号: 07309020
• 研究機関: 東京大学
• 研究代表者: 深田 吉孝 東京大学, 大学院・理学系研究科, 教授 (80165258)
• 研究分担者: 富岡 憲治 山口大学, 理学部, 教授 (30136163) ; 河村 悟 大阪大学, 大学院理学研究科, 教授 (80138122) ; 津田 基之 姫路工業大学, 理学部, 教授 (60045458) ; 徳永 史生 大阪大学, 大学院理学研究科, 教授 (80025452) ; 塚原 保夫 東北大学, 大学院・情報科学研究科, 教授 (60004587)
• キーワード: 松果体 / 桿体 / 錐体 / 光受容蛋白質 / G蛋白質 / Caイオン / 概日リズム / 光情報伝達

研究概要

交付申請書に記載の研究実施計画に沿って研究を進め、以下の知見を得た。
【視覚の光情報伝達】種々の部位特異的変異を導入した光受容蛋白質を作成して光応答特性を調べた結果、光受容蛋白質の特性(桿体型または錐体型)を規定するアミノ酸を同定することに成功した(七田)。また、脊椎動物視細胞に発現する諸蛋白質の性質を検討し、カルシウム(河村、深田)あるいはリン脂質代謝系(林)を介した未知の光情報調節機構があるという証拠をつかんだ。一方、無脊椎動物については、ロドプシンキナーゼの一次構造を決定し、脊椎動物のロドプシンキナーゼとβアドレナリン受容体キナーゼの両者の特徴を併せもつことを明らかにした(津田)。この事実は、無脊椎動物のロドプシンが脊椎動物の光受容蛋白質とは古くに分岐して以来独立して進化して色覚などの視覚システムを発達させたという知見(岩部、深田、徳永)と矛盾しない。
【光受容系と概日時計】節足動物の視葉におけるセロトニンやドーパミンの量に概日リズムがあることを見出し、その投与による視覚ニューロンの光応答特性が変化することから、生体アミンによって周期的に視感度が調節されている可能性が考えられた(冨岡)。魚類においては光以外に温度がメラトニン合成の概日リズムを規定する重要な環境因子であることが判った(飯郷)。また、ヤツメウナギやカエルの松果体・脳については、光受容蛋白質やセロトニンに対する抗体を用いて、光受容細胞を幾つかのクラスに分類することができた(保、大石)。ピノプシン抗体を用いた免疫組織学的解析からは、鳥類の松果体におけるピノプシンの局在を示す(荒木、深田)と共に、濾胞を形成しない新しいタイプの光受容細胞を同定した(蛭薙、海老原)。一方、ショウジョウバエ変異体の概日時計に与える光の効果を解析した結果、ロドプシン以外の光受容系の存在が示唆された(塚原)。

研究成果

• [文献書誌] Fukada,Y.: "Prenylation and carboxylmethylation of G protein γ subunit." Methods in Enzymology. 250. 91-105 (1995)
• [文献書誌] Kojima,D.: "Purification and low temperature spectroscopy of gecko visual pigments green and blue." Biochemistry. 34. 1096-1106 (1995)
• [文献書誌] Sanada,K.: "Role of heterogeneous N-terminal acylation of recoverin in rhodopsin phosphorylation." J.Biol.Chem.270. 15459-15462 (1995)
• [文献書誌] Morishita,R.: "Primary structure of a γ subunit of G protein,γ12,and its phosphorylation by protein kinase C." J.Biol.Chem.270. 29469-29475 (1995)
• [文献書誌] Okano,T.: "Molecular basis for tetrachromatic color vision." Comp.Biochem.Physiol.112B. 405-414 (1995)
• [文献書誌] Sanada,K.: "Unique lipids and unique properties of retinal proteins." Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 18. 486-487 (1995)
• [文献書誌] Kojima,D.: "Molecular properties of chimerical mutants of Gecko blue and bovine rhodopsin." Biochemistry. 35. 2625-2629 (1996)
• [文献書誌] Ohguro,H.: "The differences in the expression of visual pigments and transducin in photoreceptor cell differentiation." Tohoku J.Exp.Med.178. 233-240 (1996)
• [文献書誌] Shouno,O.: "Preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies specific for lauroylated isoform of bovine transducin α-subunit." J.Neurochem.66. 2188-2196 (1996)
• [文献書誌] Sanada,K.: "Calcium-bound recoverin targets rhodopsin kinase to membranes to inhibit rhodopsin phosphorylation." FEBS Lett.384. 227-230 (1996)
• [文献書誌] Tanaka,H.: "MEKA/Phosducin attenuates hydrophobicity of transducin βγ subunits without binding to farnesyl moiety." Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun.223. 587-591 (1996)
• [文献書誌] Nishimura,S.: "Structural changes in the peptide backbone in complex formation between activated rhodopsin and transducin studied by FTIR spectroscopy." Biochemistry. 35. 13267-13271 (1996)
• [文献書誌] Okano,T.: "Molecular cloning of heterotrimeric G-protein α-subunits in chicken pineal gland." J.Mol.Evol.(in press). (1997)
• [文献書誌] Hirunagi,K.: "Immuno-electron microscopic investigation for the subcellular localization of pinopsin in the pineal organ of the chicken." Cell Tissue Res.(in press). (1997)
• [文献書誌] Araki,M.: "High potassium promotes differentiation of retinal neurons but does not favor rod differentiation." Dev.Brain Res.89. 103-114 (1995)
• [文献書誌] Araki,M.: "Paired pineals in the developing quail(Coturnix coturnix japonica)embryos." Zool.Sci.13. 565-569 (1996)
• [文献書誌] Kodota,Y.: "A newly identified membrane protein of intracellular vesicles associated with microtubules in neurons." Mol.Brain Res.(in press). (1997)
• [文献書誌] Hattori,A.: "Identification of melatonin in plants and its effects on plasma melatonin levels and binding to melatonin receptors in vertebrates." Biochem.Mol.Biol.Int.35. 627-634 (1995)
• [文献書誌] Iigo,M.: "Effects of season,temperature,and photoperiod on plasma melatonin rhythms in the goldfish,Carassius auratus." J.Pineal Res.18. 62-68 (1995)
• [文献書誌] Uchida,K.: "Perioperative plasma melatonin levels in patients with cardiac and esophageal surgery." 聖マリアンナ医科大学雑誌. 23. 353-360 (1995)
• [文献書誌] Iigo,M.: "Effects of pinelalectomy and constant light exposure on day-night changes of melatonin binding sites in the goldfish brain." Neurosci.Lett.197. 61-64 (1995)
• [文献書誌] Sachez-Vazquez,F.J.: "Effecto de un ciclo de comidas diario como agente sincronizador de los ritomos de actividad motora en el carpin,Carassius aurata." Actas del V0 Congreso Nacional de Acuicultura. 635-640 (1995)
• [文献書誌] Fujisawa,Y.: "Day-night changes in melatonin contents in the vitreous body and in vitro melatonin release from the retina of Japanese quail." 聖マリアンナ医科大学雑誌. 23. 833-842 (1995)
• [文献書誌] Tsuda,T.: "Influences of season,and of temperature,photoperiod and subcutaneous melatonin infusion on glomerular filtration rate of ewes." J.Pineal Res.19. 166-172 (1995)
• [文献書誌] Sachez-Vazquez,F.J.: "Demand-feeding and locomotor circadian rhythms in the goldfish,Carassius auratus:Dual and independent phasing." Physiol.Behav.60. 665-674 (1996)
• [文献書誌] Iigo,M.: "Circadian rhythms of locomotor activity in the goldfish Carassius auratus." Physiol.Behav.60. 775-781 (1996)
• [文献書誌] Suzuki,Y.: "Seasonal changes in blood IgM levels in goldfish,with special reference to water temperature and gonadal maturation." Fisheries Sci.62. 754-759 (1996)
• [文献書誌] Iigo,M.: "Ocular melatonin rhythms in the goldfish,Carassius auratus." J.Biol.Rhythms. (in press). (1997)
• [文献書誌] Iigo,M.: "Regulation by light and darkness of melatonin secretion from the superfused masu salmon(Oncorhynchus masou)pineal organ." Biol.Rhythm Res.(in press). (1997)
• [文献書誌] Iigo,M.: "Regulation by guanine nucleotides and cations of melatonin binding sites in the goldfish brain." Biol.Signals. (in press). (1997)
• [文献書誌] Iigo,M.: "Circadian rhythms of locomotor activity in the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss." Fisheries Sci.(in press). (1997)
• [文献書誌] Iigo,M.: "Ocular melatonin rhythms in a cyprinid teleost,oikawa Zacco platypus,are driven by light-dark cycles" Zool.Sci.(in press). (1997)
• [文献書誌] Sachez-Vazquez,F.J.: "Daily cycles in plasma and ocular melatonin in demand-fed sea bass,Dicentrarchus labrax,L." J.Comp.Physiol.B. (in press). (1997)
• [文献書誌] Iwabe,N.: "Molecular clock for dating of divergence between animal phyla." Jpn.J.Genet.70. 687-692 (1995)
• [文献書誌] Iwabe,N.: "Evolution of gene families and relationship with organismal evolution:Rapid divergence of tissue-specific genes in the early evolution of chordates." Mol.Biol.Evol.13. 483-493 (1996)
• [文献書誌] 宮田隆: "真核生物遺伝子の断続的多様化と生物進化との関連." 比較生理生化学. 12(4). 378-389 (1995)
• [文献書誌] Sano,H.: "Effects of suprachiasmatic lesions on circadian rehythms of blood pressure,heart rate and locomotor activity in the rat." Japanese Circulation Journal. 59. 565-573 (1995)
• [文献書誌] Adachi,A.: "Measurement of circadian rhythms of ocular melatonin in the pigeon by in vivo microdialysis." NeuroReport. 7. 286-288 (1995)
• [文献書誌] Yoshimura,T.: "Spectral sensitivity of photoreceptors mediating phase-shifts of circadian rhythms in retinally degenerate CBA/J(rd/rd)and normal CBA/N(+/+)mice" J.Comp.Physiol.A. 178. 797-802 (1996)
• [文献書誌] Ebihara,S.: "Vitamin B12 affects non-photic entrainment of circadian locomotor activity rhythms in mice." Brain Res.727. 31-39 (1996)
• [文献書誌] Harada,Y.: "Circadian locomotor activity rhythms in the african clawed frog,Xenopus laevis:the role of the eye and the hypothalamus." Biol.Rhythm Res.(in press). (1997)
• [文献書誌] 海老原史樹文: "メラトニンの基礎" 神経精神薬理. (印刷中). (1997)
• [文献書誌] Hirunagi,K.: "Immunoelectron-microscopic investigation for the subcellular localization of pinopsin in the pineal organ of the chicken." Cell Tissue Res.(in press). (1997)
• [文献書誌] Sasaki,M.: "Circadian rhythms of corneal mitotic rate,retinal melatonin and immunoreactive visual pigments,and the effects of melatonin on the rhythms..." J.Comp.Physiol.A. 176. 465-471 (1995)
• [文献書誌] Masuda,A.: "Effects of restricted feeding on the light-induced body weight change and locomotor activity in the Djungarian hamster." Physiol.Behav.58. 153-159 (1995)
• [文献書誌] Naruse,M.: "Annual and daily activity rhythms of loaches in an irrigation creeks and ditches around paddy fields." Environment.Biol.Fishes. 47. 93-99 (1996)
• [文献書誌] Ikebe,Y.: "Correlation between environmental parameters and behavior during high tides in Periophthalmus modestus." J.Fish.Biol.49. 139-147 (1996)
• [文献書誌] Oishi,T.: "Retinal melatonin is not involved in corneal mitotic rhythms in the Japanese quail." J.Pineal Res.21. 140-154 (1996)
• [文献書誌] Ikebe,Y.: "Relationships between environmental factors and diel and annual changes of the behaviors during low tides in Periophthalmus modestus." Zool.Sci.14. 49-55 (1997)
• [文献書誌] Castro,E.De: "Regulation of rhodopsin phosphorylation by a family of neuronal calcium sensors." Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun.216. 133-140 (1995)
• [文献書誌] Kawamura,S.: "Unsolved issues in S-modulin/recoverin study." Behav.Brain Sci.18. 479-480 (1995)
• [文献書誌] Kawamura,S.: "Photoreceptor protein s26,a cone homologue of S-modulin in frog retina." J.Biol.Chem.271. 21359-21364 (1996)
• [文献書誌] Akiyama,R.: "Temperature dependence of femtosecond excited state dynamics of bacteriorhodopsin analysed by the Fourier transform of optical absorption spectra." J.Phys.Chem.66. 7147-7153 (1995)
• [文献書誌] Hirayama,J.: "Reason for the lack of light-dark adaptation in pharaonis phoborhodopsin:Reconstitution with 13-cis-retinal." FEBS Lett.364. 168-170 (1995)
• [文献書誌] Imai,H.: "Difference in molecular properties between chicken green and rhodopsin as related to the functional difference between cone and rod photoreceptor cells" Biochemistry. 34. 10525-10531 (1995)
• [文献書誌] Tachibanaki,S.: "Effect of chloride on the thermal reverse reaction of intermediates of iodopsin." Biochemistry. 34. 13170-13175 (1995)
• [文献書誌] Wada,A.: "Synthesis of 11Z-8,18-propano-and methano-retinals and their interaction with bovine opsin." Chem.Pharm.Bull.43. 1419-1421 (1995)
• [文献書誌] Kandori,H.: "Real-time detection of 60-femtosecond isomerization in a rhodopsin analog containing 8-membered-ring-retinal." J.Am.Chem.Soc.118. 1002-1005 (1996)
• [文献書誌] Akiyama,R.: "Analysis of the temperature dependence of femtosecond excited state dynamics of bacteriorhodopsin by spin-boson model." Chem.Phys.Lett.256. 165-171 (1996)
• [文献書誌] Imamoto,Y.: "Structure around C6-C7 bond of the chromophore in bathorhodopsin:Low-temperature spectroscopy of 6s-cis-locked bicyclic rhodopsin analogs." Biochemistry. 35. 6257-6262 (1996)
• [文献書誌] Imamoto,Y.: "Chromophore configulation of iodopsin and its photoproducts formed at low temperatures." Biochemistry. 35. 14599-14607 (1996)
• [文献書誌] Akiyama,R.: "Analysis of excited state dynamics of 13-trans-locked-bacteriorhodopsin." J.Phys.Chem.(in press). (1997)
• [文献書誌] Imai,H.: "Single Amino Acid Residue as a Functional Determinant of Rod and Cone Visual Pigments." Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA. (in press). (1997)
• [文献書誌] 七田芳則: "ロドプシンの超高速異性化反応はどこまで解明されたか" レーザー研究. 23. 945-953 (1995)
• [文献書誌] Terakita,A.: "Light-modulated subcellular localization of the alpha-subunit of GTP-binding protein Gq in caryfish photoreceptors." Visual Neuroscience. 13. 539-547 (1996)
• [文献書誌] Tamotsu,S.: "Norepinephrine-induced phosphorylation of the transcription factor CREB in isolated rat pinealocytes:an immunocytochemical study." Cell and Tissue Research. 282. 219-226 (1995)
• [文献書誌] Hasegawa,K.: "An inter-oscillator mechanism modulating circadian clock period in Paramecium populations." Biol.Rhythm Res.26. 68-78 (1995)
• [文献書誌] Kishigami,A.: "The traffic of particles in the axonic process of vertebrae cone-type photoreceptor cells." Zool.Sci.12. 349-350 (1995)
• [文献書誌] Suzuki,T.: "Squid photoreceptor phospholipase C is stimulated by membrane Gq α but not by soluble Gq α." FEBS Letters. 377. 333-337 (1995)
• [文献書誌] Shimamoto,M.: "The Paramecium circadian clock:increase of cAMP-dependent protein kinase stimulated by light.Interdiscipl." Inf.Sci.2. 169-173 (1996)
• [文献書誌] Ohata,K.: "Swimming activeity in an axenic population of Paramecium multimicronucleatum." J.Comp.Physiol.179. 645-651 (1996)
• [文献書誌] Nakagawa,M.: "Conformational changes of octopus rhodopsin and activation of multiple G-proteins." Photochem.Photobiol.65. 103-104 (1995)
• [文献書誌] Kikkawa,S.: "Simple purification and functional reconstitution of octopus photoreceptor Gq,which couples rhodopsin to phospholipase C." Biochemistry. 35. 15857-15864 (1996)
• [文献書誌] Hashimoto,S.: "Ultraviolet resonance raman evidence for the absence of tyrosine in octopus rhodopsin and the participation of Trp residues in the transition to acid..." FEBS Lett.398. 239-242 (1996)
• [文献書誌] Huang,L.: "A Resonance Raman Study of the C=N Configuration of Octopus Rhodopsin,Bathorhodopsin,and Isorhodopsin," Biochemistry. 35. 8505-8510 (1996)
• [文献書誌] Nishimura,S.: "Structural dynamics of waters and the peptide backbone around the schiff base associated with the light-activated process of octopus rhodopsin." Biochemistry. (in press). (1997)
• [文献書誌] Nakagawa,M.: "Light-induced protein conformational changes in the photolysis of octopus rhodopsin." Biophys.J.(in press). (1997)
• [文献書誌] Kayada,S.: "cDNA cloning and expression of frog rhodopsin." Comp.Biochem.Physiol.110B(3). 599-604 (1995)
• [文献書誌] Shimizu,I.: "Comparison of DNA sequences of exon-4 or exon-5 in visual pigment genes between amphidromous and landlocked ayu-fish Plecoglossus altivelis." Proc.Jap.Acad.71B. 84-86 (1995)
• [文献書誌] Hisatomi.O: "Molecular cloning and characterization of the putative ultravioletsensitive visual pigment of goldfish." Vision Res.36(7). 933-939 (1996)
• [文献書誌] Stemkamp,D.l.: "Temporal expression of rod and cone opsins in embryonic goldfish retina predicts the spacial organization to the cone mosaic." Invest.Ophthal.Vis.Sci.37. 363-376 (1996)
• [文献書誌] Ishikawa,M.: "Lectin cytochemical analysis of glycoconjugates in photoreceptor cell membranes of Lampetra japonica." Vision Res.36(11). 1513-1520 (1996)
• [文献書誌] Murata,T.: "Ritsu:a clock mutant from natural population of Drosophila melanogaster." J.Neurogenet.6. 239-249 (1995)
• [文献書誌] Yukizane,M.: "Neural pathways involved in mutual interactions between optic lobe circadian pacemakers in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus." J.Comp.Physiol.A. 176. 701-706 (1995)
• [文献書誌] Tomioka,K.: "Electrical properties of the cerebral prothoracicotropic hormone cells in diapausing and non-diapausing pupae of the tobacco hornworm..." Zool.Sci.12. 165-173 (1995)
• [文献書誌] Tomioka,K.: "A specific area of the compound eye in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus sends photic information to the circadian pacemaker in the contralateral optic lobe" J.Comp.Physiol.A. (in press). (1997)
• [文献書誌] Tomioka,K.: "Light cycles given during development affect freerunning period of circadian locomotor rhythm of period mutants in Drosophila melanogaster." J.Insect Physiol.(in press). (1997)
• [文献書誌] Yamazaki,A.: "Possible Stimulation of retinal rod recovery to dark state by cGMP release from a cGMP phosphodiesterase noncatalytic site." J.Biol.Chem.271. 32495-32498 (1996)
• [文献書誌] Hirunagi,K.: "Ultrastructure of cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons immunoreactive to vasoactive intestinal peptide and properties of the blood-brain barrier..." Cell Tissue Res.279. 123-133 (1995)
• [文献書誌] 深田吉孝: "ニワトリ錐体および桿体視物質の抽出と精製.(分担執筆)生物薬科科学実験講座 IX巻『ホルモン・生理活性物質I』" 廣川書店, 502(378-395) (1995)
• [文献書誌] 深田吉孝: "視覚の分子生物学.(分担執筆)図説・分子病態学" 中外医学社, 553(400-409) (1995)
• [文献書誌] 岡野俊行: "脳は光を感じる「第三の目」:生物の一日のリズムをつかさどる体内時計のなぞ.(分担執筆)ニュートン別冊「からだのサイエンス人体大解剖」" 教育社, 208(100-105) (1995)
• [文献書誌] 深田吉孝: "光受容体の構造と機能調節.(分担執筆)実験医学 増刊『GTP結合蛋白質』" 羊土社, 312(63-67) (1996)
• [文献書誌] 深田吉孝: "ピノプシンによる光シグナル伝達と生物時計.(分担執筆)分子医学シリーズ『細胞内情報伝達のしくみ』" 羊土社, 182(28-39) (1996)
• [文献書誌] 真田佳門: "三量体G蛋白質の脂質による修飾と機能調節.(分担執筆)実験医学 増刊『脂質研究の新展開〜シグナリングにおける新しい機能』" 羊土社, 210(193-199) (1996)
• [文献書誌] 深田吉孝: "生物時計のセンサー(分担執筆)シリーズ・ニューバイオフィジックス、第6巻:生物のスーパーセンサー" 共立出版(印刷中), (1997)
• [文献書誌] 深田吉孝: "視物質による光情報の受容と伝達(分担執筆)現代化学増刊『細胞シグナル伝達の研究〜その発展の背景と現況〜』" 東京化学同人(印刷中), (1997)
• [文献書誌] 深田吉孝: "アデニル酸シクラーゼ.(分担執筆)タンパク質化学講座第4巻『酵素-リアーゼ』" 廣川書店(印刷中), (1997)
• [文献書誌] 深田吉孝: "視細胞トランスデューシン.(分担執筆)生物薬科科学実験講座 IV-4巻『生体膜の構造と機能』" 廣川書店(印刷中), 大石正 (1997)
• [文献書誌] 朝倉書店: "1995" 光と生殖(2)-哺乳類を除く鳥類を中心に-(分担執筆)光と人間の生活ハンドブック, (373(110-121))
• [文献書誌] 河村悟: "視覚中枢の分子機構-網膜-(分担執筆)分子神経科学の最先端" 厚生社, 135-145 (1995)
• [文献書誌] Kawamura,S.: "Phototranduction,excitation and adaptation.Neurobiology of the outer retina(Archer,S.et al.eds.)" Chapman & Hall,London, 105-131 (1995)
• [文献書誌] S.Kawamura: "S-modulin.Guidebook to the Calcium Binding-Proteins(Celio,M.R.ed.)" Oxford University Press, 115-117 (1996)
• [文献書誌] 河村 悟: "視細胞における順応の分子生理学的研究(分担執筆)ブレインサイエンス最前線'97(佐藤昌康編)" 講談社, 1-24 (1996)
• [文献書誌] 七田芳則: "光のセンサー;視物質.(分担執筆)生物物理から見た生命像4「感覚情報-生物の巧みなシグナルのやり取り」" 吉岡書店(印刷中), (1997)
• [文献書誌] 河本呂: "パーソナルコンピューターを利用した、等輝度色光パターンリバーサル法.(分担執筆)視覚と脳波の臨床(高橋剛夫と黒岩義之編)" 新興医学出版社, 219-222 (1995)
• [文献書誌] 津田基之: "タンパク質超分子システムの構造と機能.新タンパク質応用工学(藤野昌弘 編)" フィジテクノシステム, 290-295 (1996)
• [文献書誌] 津田基之: "信号伝達,生物物理から見た生命像2.生体膜-生命の基本形をかたちづくるもの(葛西 道生、田口隆久編)" 吉岡書店, 100-112 (1996)
• [文献書誌] 富岡憲治: "概日時計は脳にある(分担執筆)昆虫の脳を探る(冨永佳也編)" 共立出版, 177-195 (1995)
• [文献書誌] 富岡憲治: "時間を知る生物ポピュラーサイエンスシリーズ" 裳華房, 158 (1996)
• [文献書誌] 富岡憲治: "測時機構.(分担執筆)昆虫学-基礎と応用(三橋淳他編)" 朝倉書店(印刷中), (1997)
• [文献書誌] Tomioka,K.: "Neural mechanisms for mutual interactions between...Circadian Organization and Oscillatory Coupling(Honma,K.et al.eds)" Hokkaido University Press(in press), (1997)
• [文献書誌] 林文夫: "感覚情報(分担執筆)生物物理から見た生命像(日本生物物理学会編)" 吉岡書店(印刷中), (1997)