地球大気系の放射と雲・降水場に係わる大規模構造の研究

1998 年度 実績報告書

• 研究課題/領域番号: 08241104
• 研究種目: 特定領域研究(A)
• 研究機関: 東京大学
• 研究代表者: 中島 映至 東京大学, 気候システム研究センター (60124608)
• 研究分担者: 早坂 忠裕 東北大学, 理学部, 助教授 (40202262) ; 中村 尚 東京大学, 大学院・理学研究科, 助手 (10251406) ; 中村 健治 名古屋大学, 大気水圏科学研究所, 教授 (20262917) ; 高村 民雄 千葉大学, 環境リモートセンシング研究センター, 教授 (40272356) ; 井上 豊志郎 気象研究所, 台風研究部, 主任研究官
• キーワード: 地球大気 / 水蒸気 / 雲 / 降水 / エアロゾル / 大気放射 / 大循環 / リモートセンシング

研究概要

3年間を終了し、当初期待していた以上の成果が得られた。
(1) エアロゾルに関して世界的にも誇れるアルゴリズムと成果物を得ることができた。エアロゾルの粒径に関する全球分布を世界に初めて求め、中緯度の工業起源エアロゾルの詳細な分布と、生物燃焼起源エアロゾルのトロピカルベルトの発見を行った。
(2) 雲に関して世界的にも誇れるアルゴリズムと成果物を得ることができた。雲の微物理量に関する全球分布を求め、大陸付近で低層雲の有効粒径が小さくなっている状況を詳細に調べることができた。このような解析は世界に他1例しかない。
(3) (1)と(2)の研究を通して、世界で初めて雲-エアロゾル相互作用の強さの全球平均値を求めることができた。これはアジア域における放射エネルギー場や温暖化過程におけるエアロゾル効果をモデル化するために役立つ。
(4) GMSを利用した大気上下端における放射収支量の導出を行った。1時間ごとのGMSデータ処理と雲アルゴリズムの改良によって、ISCCP(国際衛星雲気候計画)成果物よりも良い成果物を作ることができた。
(5) エネルギーフロー、特に非断熱エネルギーフローと大気構造との関係について理解を深めた。例えば、NCEP客観解析データとERBE放射収支計データから得られるエネルギー輸送量は、80年代のものより良くなっているが、海洋への放射強制などを正しく評価できるレベルではないことが分かった。また中緯度冬の長周期擾乱と短周期擾乱によるエネルギー輸送が相補的な長期変動をしていることを見いだした。
(6) 衛星データの取得や整備が進んだ。GMS、AVHRR、SSM/Iの十年程度の時系列を大気研究に必要な形式で整備し、多人数がネットワーク上で使えるように東京大学気候システム研究センターと千葉大学環境リモートセンシングセンターで整備した。
(7) これらの研究を通して将来を担うための有望な若手研究者を養成できた。

研究成果

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• [文献書誌] Nakajima,T.A.Higurashi: "A use of two-channel radiances for an aerosol characterization from space." Geophys.Res.Lett. 25. 3815-3818 (1998)
• [文献書誌] Fukushima,H.,A.Higurashi,et al.: "Correction of atmospheric effect on ADEOS/OCTS ocean color data: Algorithm description and evaluation of its performance," J.Oceanogr. (in press).
• [文献書誌] Nakajima,T.Y.,T.Nakajima,et al.: "Optimization of the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite II Global Imager Channels by use of radiative transfer calculations." Appl.Opt. 37. 3149-3163 (1998)
• [文献書誌] Kokhanovsky,A.A.,T.Nakajima,E.P.Zege: "Physically based parameterizations of short-wave radiative characteristics of weakly absorbing media: application to liquid-water clouds." Appl.Opt. 37. 3691-3698 (1998)
• [文献書誌] Kaufman,Y.J.,D.TanrH.R.Gordon,T.Nakajima,et al.: "Passive remote sensing of tropospheric aerosol and atmospheric correction for the aerosol effect." J.Geophys.Res.,. 102. 16815-16830 (1997)
• [文献書誌] Higurashi,A.,T.Nakajima: "Development of a Two Channel Aerosol Retrieval Algorithm on Global Scale Using NOAA/AVHRR." J.Atmos.Sci. (in press). (1998)
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• [文献書誌] Nakajima,T.,A.Higurashi: "AVHRR remote sensing of aerosol optical properties in the Persian Gulf region,the summer 1991." J.Geophys.Res.,. 102. 16935-16946 (1997)
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• [文献書誌] T Y.Nakajima,T.Nakajima,M.Nakajima,et al.: "The optimization of the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite II Global Imager channels by use of radiative transfer calculations," Appl.Opt.37. 3149-3163 (1998)
• [文献書誌] Higurashi,A.,T.Nakajima,: "A Global characterization of aerosols with a two channel remote sensing." J.Clim.(Submitted). (1998)
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• [文献書誌] S.Mukai and I.Sano: "Atmospheric Correction algorithms for ADEOS/OCTS." Science and Technology,Kinki University Research Institute for Science and Technology,. 10. 1-7 (1998)
• [文献書誌] H.Okamoto,Y.Sasano,S.Mukai,et al.: "ADEOS/ILAS Aerosol Retriaval Algorithm with 5 Channels." Adv.Space Res. 21. 443-446 (1998)
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• [文献書誌] Inoue,T.,: "Day-to-night cloudiness change of cloud types inferred from split winfow measurements aboard NOAA polar-orbiting satellites." J.Meteor.Soc.Japan.75,. 59-66 (1997)
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• [文献書誌] 保本 正芳佐野 到向井 苑生et al.: "偏光観測と散乱シミュレーションに基づく海洋エアロゾル特性の導出," 近畿大学理工学部研究報告. 33. 21-25 (1997)
• [文献書誌] 前田 雅紀,佐野 到,向井 苑生,Anthony Toigo,: "ADEOS/OCTSデータ用水色解析システムの作成" 近畿大学理工学部研究報告. 33. 27-31 (1997)
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• [文献書誌] Tanaka,H.L.K.Kimura,: "Normal model energetics analysis and the intercomparison for therecent ECMWF,NMC,and JMA global analyses." J.Meteor.Soc.Japan. 74. 525-538 (1997)
• [文献書誌] Tanaka,H.L.and D.Nohara,: "Numerical Simulation of Realistic Bloking and Local Lyapunov Stability Analysis of the Barotropic Prediction Model." WMO Weather Prediction Research Programmes. 26. 6.23-6.24 (1998)
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• [文献書誌] M.Honda,K.Yamazaki,H.Nakamura,K.Takeuchi,.: "Dynamic and Thermodynamic Characteristics of Atmospheric Response to Okhotsk Sea-Ice Extent Anomalies." J.Climate. (submitted). (1998)
• [文献書誌] Tanaka,H.L.D.Nohara,: "A new method of extending predictability of the medium-range weather prediction beyond the two-week barrier of chaos.Proc" 11th Conf.Atmos.Ocean Fluid Dynamics,. 174-178 (1997)
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• [文献書誌] 中村 尚,泉 卓也,新保明彦: "オホーツク海高気圧の形成に関わる上層のブロッキング高気圧の時間発展とその力学" 気象研究ノート. 189. 177-190 (1997)
• [文献書誌] 中村 尚,山形俊男: "北太平洋大気海洋系の10年規模変動と海洋フロント" 月刊海洋. 29. 642-648 (1997)
• [文献書誌] H.Nakamura,G.Lin.T.Yamagata: "Decadal Climate Variability in the North Pacific during the Recent Decades." Bull.Amer.Meteor.Soc. 78. 2215-2225 (1997)
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• [文献書誌] H.Nakamura,T.Yamagata,: "Recent Decadal SST Variability in the Western Pacific and Associated Atmospheric Anomalies,“Beyond El Nino: Decadal Climate Variability"," Springer. 63-87(in press). (1998)
• [文献書誌] 中村 尚,: "北太平洋で近年観測された海面水温の10年規模変動と付随する大気循環偏差" 気候システム叢書. 3(印刷中). (1998)
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• [文献書誌] K.Takaya,H.Nakamura: "A Formulation of a Wave Activity Flux of Stationary Rossby Waves on a Zonally-Varying Basic Flow" Geophys.Res.Lett. 24. 2985-2988 (1997)
• [文献書誌] 中村 尚,林 国尭,山形俊男: "北太平洋大気海洋系で近年観測された10年規模変動の特徴" 気象研究ノート. 189. 217-230 (1997)
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• [文献書誌] Tamio Takamura,: "A method to retrieve a precipitable water using a microwave spectro-radiometer." J.Met.Soc.Jpn. 74 No.1. 37-47 (1996)
• [文献書誌] 中村 尚,泉 卓也,新保明彦: "オホーツク海高気圧の形成に関わる上層のブロッキング高気圧の時間発展とその力学" 気象研究ノート. 189. 177-190 (1997)
• [文献書誌] 中村 尚,山形俊男: "北太平洋大気海洋系の10年規模変動と海洋フロント" 月刊海洋. 29. 642-648 (1997)
• [文献書誌] H.Nakamura,G.Lin.T.Yamagata: "Decadal Climate Variability in the North Pacific during the Recent Decades." Bull.Amer.Meteor.Soc. 78. 2215-2225 (1997)