| 研究実績の概要 |
Based on the analysis of backchannels including those of smiles, and building our knowledge on the available literature, we have further proceeded in the discussion of the roles and functions of backchannels in relation to stance and rapport.
Our analysis suggests that there are at least four layers of interaction. The first and the fundamental layer consists of linguistic resources such as speech and facial expressions, and participants have their own repertoire to proceed the meaningful sequential work in conversation. Second, at the same time, they are also conducting interactional work within the conversation. Backchannels do not necessarily contribute to the direction of speech in progress (i.e. first layer), but contribute to the interaction as a whole. Such interactional work then contributes to the third layer, stance work, where participants negotiate their stance (positioning) in relation to the speech contents. Last, such stance taking work contributes to social relation work. That is, by conducting a conversation, they are not only negotiating the meaning but also building social relationship and solidarity. Regardless of the nature of speech content, the social relationship (rapport) can be established through interaction. In case of Japanese, nodding contributes significantly to that layer. In case of Australian English, eye gaze contributes significantly.
So much of previous conversation analysis work focuses on the sequential nature of conversation, and we believe that analysing the fourth layer will enrich our understanding of interaction as a whole.
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| 今後の研究の推進方策 |
We will test the four-layer model with our data. If this works with Japanese, Japanese English, and Australian English, we will be confident that this model is not language-specific and can be applied to analyse multiple languages. This means that it can be used to analyse ELF interactions, and we will further proceed in our analysis of ELF.
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