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Research demonstrating for the first time that group size is inversely proportional to individual immune efficacy in Ceratina bees was published in Biology Letters. Additional comparisons of immune efficacy over seasons and across environmental contexts (urban/rural) in these bees are currently being completed. Data collation on how gene expression varies during immune responses in social and solitary Lasioglossum bees has been completed and this work is being written up. The final aspect of the study concerns host-parasite relationships between bees and varroa mites and is also being written up. More immune testing on Ceratina stemming from this work will continue into 2024.
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