| 研究課題/領域番号 |
26885039
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| 研究機関 | 京都大学 |
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研究代表者 |
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| 研究期間 (年度) |
2014-08-29 – 2016-03-31
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| キーワード | comparative cognition / social cognition / nonhuman primates |
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| 研究実績の概要 |
Our first study asked whether squirrel monkeys would show social evaluations of humans who engaged in reciprocal versus non-reciprocal exchanges of objects. A recently published study of marmoset monkeys concluded that third-party-based social evaluation capacity might emerge from a species' inherent cooperativeness. Replicating the procedures used with marmosets, we showed that squirrel monkeys - a noncooperative, group-living species - were also biased against non-reciprocators, thus negating the cooperativeness hypothesis.
Another study used a variant of our "third-party helper vs. non-helper" procedure to assess social evaluations in dogs. The study found a negativity bias in that domestic dogs were less likely to approach somebody who refused to help their owner in a task than somebody who actively helped the owner. This work, currently under review, suggests that at least one domesticated animal, a non-primate, is capable of showing third-party social evaluations of humans.
An ongoing study is looking at ungroup-outgroup biases in squirrel and capuchin monkeys. A first experiment gave rise to no significant preference. The second phase, ongoing, has simplified the procedure so that the experimenters remain seated in front of the three monkeys throughout the feeding and test trials; preliminary data suggest that this simplification might lead to a clearer expression of a positive bias for the experimenter who feeds the neighbour from the subject's own species (in-group bias).
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| 現在までの達成度 (区分) |
現在までの達成度 (区分)
1: 当初の計画以上に進展している
理由
In the first year we decided to focus our research efforts on another species of New World monkeys - squirrel monkeys - would they show third-party-based social evaluations similar to our previously studied species - tufted capuchin monkeys? Furthermore, we deemed it urgent to start studying ingroup-outgroup biases in the same two species of monkeys. One manuscript from these studies is about to be submitted for publication, while another manuscript is in preparation. The manuscript that is ready for submission reports sensitivity to violations of reciprocity in social exchanges between humans by squirrel monkeys. The manuscript currently being written concerns the effects of procedural changes on the expression of same-species bias in capuchin monkeys. These studies were prioritised in recent months in response to recent developments in the literature, so that we can contribute to the field in a timely manner. The other study completed, with a manuscript now under review at a scientific journal, concerns social evaluation in dogs, using a variant of the "third-party helper vs. non-helper" procedure. This study was done in the light of recently published research suggesting that dogs were indifferent to how humans behaved toward third parties.
Other potential methods for studying dogs and children have been discussed in detail and piloted. In the second year these methods will be applied fully so as to provide a fuller comparative perspective of the extent and nature of third-party evaluation processes in humans, nonhuman primates, and a domesticated human companion species.
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| 今後の研究の推進方策 |
New potential methods for studying dogs and children have been discussed and piloted. These methods will be applied so as to provide a fuller comparative perspective of the extent and nature of third-party evaluation processes in humans, nonhuman primates, and a domesticated human companion species.
We will ask whether monkeys show an ingroup-outgroup bias in prosocial acts, by providing them with opportunities to deliver food to an own-species neighbour, and/or an other-species neighbour. Will monkeys act purely for the benefit of other monkeys, and will this vary with the species of the other monkey? As we have shown that dogs show a negativity bias towards people who refuse to help their owner, we will ask whether this sensitivity extends to unfair exchanges. We also plan to investigate ingroup-outgroup discrimination in dogs by comparing their reaction to third-party interactions between two humans and between a human and a dog. The question here is whether dogs are more sensitive to third parties when the recipient of the other individual's act is also a dog.
Third-party evaluations in pre-school children will be studied using glove-puppet enactments of helper vs. non-helper scenarios and reciprocal vs. non-reciprocal exchanges. Ingroup-outgroup discrimination will be assessed by having one of two puppets belong to the same category as the child, for example having the same name. The questions in these studies are do third-party social evaluations occur in young children across several domains, and does belonging to the child's ungroup influence the evaluation process?
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