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2015 Fiscal Year Annual Research Report

Replacement of Neanderthals by Modern Humans: Testing Evolutionary Models of Learning

Administrative Group

Project AreaReplacement of Neanderthals by Homo sapiens: testing evolutionary models of learning
Project/Area Number 22101001
Research InstitutionKochi University of Technology

Principal Investigator

赤澤 威  高知工科大学, 総合研究所, 名誉教授 (70013753)

Co-Investigator(Kenkyū-buntansha) 西秋 良宏  東京大学, 総合研究博物館, 教授 (70256197)
Project Period (FY) 2010-06-23 – 2016-03-31
Keywords先史学 / 自然人類学 / 文化人類学 / 進化学 / 神経科学 / 生体力学 / 環境科学 / ネアンデルタール
Outline of Annual Research Achievements

旧人と新人の交替劇の真相は現代人起源論争で未解決の話題として脚光を浴び盛んに研究されてきた。そして、競合説、疾病説、環境仮説、生存戦略説、生業仮説、神経仮説などの仮説モデルが相次いで提唱された。近年、旧人と新人が交雑していたことが分かり、旧人は新人によって一掃され忽然と消えていったとする単純な交替劇シナリオは見直され、同化吸収説、混血説と称される新仮説が提唱されている。この世界的な交替劇論争の世界にわれわれは、これまで誰も唱えたことのない作業仮説を定義し、チャレンジした。それが、「学習仮説」(Learning Hypothesis)である。
学習仮説の最大のポイントは、新人と旧人のあいだにはもともと、学習能力に違いがあったとする主張(=仮説)にある。その違いが結局、両者の命運を分けることになった。以上が学習仮説の骨子である。この仮説を、考古学、文化人類学、数理科学、環境科学、生体力学、神経科学諸分野の連携研究のもとに検証した。
結論として、旧人社会と新人社会の間には文化発展のスピードや種類内容に違いが存在し、それは旧人と新人の学習能力差が主因で起こったことを明らかにした。学習能力に勝り技術革新を促進し現代人的行動を発展させた新人の社会は、相対的に学習能力に劣り文化発展が停滞し遅れを取ることになった旧人社会との競争に勝利したというシナリオである。また旧人と新人の化石脳形態差から、新人脳機能(=学習能力)が旧人よりも勝っていることを解剖学的証拠でも明らかにし、交替劇研究に画期的な道筋をつけた。
本研究アプローチは交替劇研究において例がなく、世界的に注目された。そして、学習仮説は、交替劇の経緯を説明するさまざまな既設仮説を根源にさかのぼって検証するベースとなる作業仮説として評価され、世界的な交替劇論争にインパクトを与えることになった。

Research Progress Status

27年度が最終年度であるため、記入しない。

Strategy for Future Research Activity

27年度が最終年度であるため、記入しない。

  • Research Products

    (31 results)

All 2017 2016 Other

All Journal Article (13 results) (of which Int'l Joint Research: 7 results,  Peer Reviewed: 9 results,  Open Access: 7 results,  Acknowledgement Compliant: 10 results) Presentation (11 results) (of which Int'l Joint Research: 8 results) Book (6 results) Remarks (1 results)

  • [Journal Article] The driving forces of cultural complexity: Neanderthals, modern humans, and the question of population size2017

    • Author(s)
      Fogarty L, J.Y. Wakano, M.W. Feldman, and K. Aoki
    • Journal Title

      Human Nature

      Volume: 2017 Pages: in press

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research / Acknowledgement Compliant
  • [Journal Article] Advanced maritime adaptation in the western Pacific coastal region extends back to 35,000-30,000 years before present2016

    • Author(s)
      Fujita, M., S. Yamasaki, C. Katagiri, I. Oshiro, K. Sano, T. Kurozumi, H. Sugawara, D. Kunikita, H. Matsuzaki, A. Kano, T. Okumura, T. Sone, H. Fujita, S. Kobayashi, T. Naruse, M. Kondo, S. Matsu’ura, G. Suwa, and Y. Kaifu
    • Journal Title

      Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

      Volume: 113 Pages: 2134-2139

    • DOI

      10.1073/pnas.1607857113

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research / Acknowledgement Compliant
  • [Journal Article] Mitochondrial DNA analysis of ancient domestic goats in the southern Caucasus: a preliminary result from Neolithic settlements at Goytepe and Haci Elamxanli Tepe2016

    • Author(s)
      Kadowaki, S., K. Ohnishi, S. Arai, F. Guliyev, and Y. Nishiaki
    • Journal Title

      International Journal of Osteoarchaeology

      Volume: 26 Pages: 1-16

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research / Acknowledgement Compliant
  • [Journal Article] New Epipalaeolithic assemblages from the middle Euphrates and the implications for technological and settlement trends in the northeastern Levant2016

    • Author(s)
      Kadowaki, S. and Y. Nishiaki
    • Journal Title

      Quaternary International

      Volume: 396 Pages: 121-137

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research / Acknowledgement Compliant
  • [Journal Article] 旧人新人交替劇の真相を探る2016

    • Author(s)
      赤澤威、西秋良宏
    • Journal Title

      現代思想

      Volume: 44 Pages: 83-105

    • Acknowledgement Compliant
  • [Journal Article] 揺らぐ初期ホモ・サピエンス像―出アフリカ前後のアフリカと西アジアの考古記録から2016

    • Author(s)
      門脇誠二
    • Journal Title

      現代思想

      Volume: 44 Pages: 112-126

  • [Journal Article] 日本旧石器時代の現代人的行動と交替劇2016

    • Author(s)
      仲田大人
    • Journal Title

      現代思想

      Volume: 44 Pages: 130-144

  • [Journal Article] 考古学から見た人類活動の変化-旧石器時代の物質文化を中心に2016

    • Author(s)
      長沼正樹
    • Journal Title

      現代思想

      Volume: 44 Pages: 127-139

  • [Journal Article] African hunter-gatherers: the case of tattooing2016

    • Author(s)
      Peng, Y.
    • Journal Title

      電子情報通信学会技術研究報告

      Volume: 116 Pages: 1-5

    • Peer Reviewed / Acknowledgement Compliant
  • [Journal Article] ‘Give Me the Meat, the Child Said’: Cultural Practice among the Children of the Baka Hunter-Gatherers2016

    • Author(s)
      Sonoda, K.
    • Journal Title

      Hunter Gatherer Research

      Volume: 2 Pages: 39-62

    • Peer Reviewed / Acknowledgement Compliant
  • [Journal Article] An ecocultural model predicts Neanderthal extinction through competition with modern humans2016

    • Author(s)
      Gilpin W., M.W. Feldman, and K. Aoki
    • Journal Title

      Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

      Volume: 113 Pages: 2134-2139

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research / Acknowledgement Compliant
  • [Journal Article] Population size vs. social connectedness―A gene-culture coevolutionary approach to cumulative cultural evolution2016

    • Author(s)
      Kobayashi, Y., H. Ohtsuki, and J.Y. Wakano
    • Journal Title

      Theoretical Population Biology

      Volume: 111 Pages: 87-95

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research / Acknowledgement Compliant
  • [Journal Article] Evolution of costly explicit memory and cumulative culture2016

    • Author(s)
      Nakamaru M
    • Journal Title

      Journal of Theoretical Biology

      Volume: 399 Pages: 71-83

    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research / Acknowledgement Compliant
  • [Presentation] The emergence and development of the Mlefaatian lithic industry in the Iranian Zagros.2016

    • Author(s)
      Nishiaki, Y.
    • Organizer
      The 8th Conference on PPN Chipped and Ground Stone Industries of the Near East
    • Place of Presentation
      Nicosia
    • Year and Date
      2016-11-23 – 2016-11-27
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Obsidian circulation among the early Neolithic societies in the Southern Caucasus2016

    • Author(s)
      Nishiaki, Y.
    • Organizer
      The 8th Conference on PPN Chipped and Ground Stone Industries of the Near East
    • Place of Presentation
      Nicosia
    • Year and Date
      2016-11-23 – 2016-11-27
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] 人はなぜハイブリッドを作出するのか―カザフスタンにおけるラクダ飼育の現状2016

    • Author(s)
      今村薫
    • Organizer
      第70回日本人類学会大会
    • Place of Presentation
      新潟医療福祉大学、新潟市
    • Year and Date
      2016-10-09
  • [Presentation] Towards a high-resolution chronology of the Neolithisation processes of the Southern Caucasus2016

    • Author(s)
      Nishiaki, Y.
    • Organizer
      The 8th World Archaeological Congress
    • Place of Presentation
      Doshisha University, Kyoto
    • Year and Date
      2016-08-23 – 2016-09-02
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Towards a better documentation and understanding of microwear and residues using the high-speed image stitching function: A case study from the middle Upper Palaeolithic site of Shimohara-Fujimicho, Tokyo, Japan2016

    • Author(s)
      Sano, K.
    • Organizer
      World Archaeological Congress 8 Kyoto
    • Place of Presentation
      Doshisha University, Kyoto
    • Year and Date
      2016-08-23 – 2016-09-02
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] ヒトは誰と一緒にいたいのか-狩猟採集民の生態と社会から考える2016

    • Author(s)
      寺嶋秀明
    • Organizer
      日本霊長類学会
    • Place of Presentation
      鹿児島大学、鹿児島市
    • Year and Date
      2016-07-15
  • [Presentation] Evidence for mechanically-delivered armatures on early Upper Palaeolithic trapezoids from Japan2016

    • Author(s)
      Sano, K.
    • Organizer
      The 8th Meeting of the Asian Palaeolithic Association
    • Place of Presentation
      Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan.
    • Year and Date
      2016-06-24 – 2016-06-28
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Functional and morphometric analyses of tanged points from the Jingeuneul site in Korea2016

    • Author(s)
      Lee, Gi-Kil, and K. Sano
    • Organizer
      The 8th Meeting of the Asian Palaeolithic Association
    • Place of Presentation
      Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan.
    • Year and Date
      2016-06-24 – 2016-06-28
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Variability in East Asian pressure flaking techniques on bifaces during the Final Paleolithic and Early Neolithic: Understanding of the knappers’ kinesiological differences as an indicator of culturally learned behavior2016

    • Author(s)
      Nag, K.
    • Organizer
      7th Worldwide Conference of the Society for East Asian Archaeology (SEAA)
    • Place of Presentation
      Harverd University, Cambridge/Boston, USA
    • Year and Date
      2016-06-09 – 2016-06-12
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Evolution of worked bone industry in the Neolithic Southern Caucasus2016

    • Author(s)
      Arai, S., F. Guliyev and Y. Nishiaki
    • Organizer
      11th Meeting of the Worked Bone Research Group, the International Council for Archaeozoology
    • Place of Presentation
      Iasi
    • Year and Date
      2016-05-23 – 2016-05-28
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] サンの遊びと模倣2016

    • Author(s)
      今村薫
    • Organizer
      日本アフリカ学会
    • Place of Presentation
      愛知県立大学サテライトキャンパス
    • Year and Date
      2016-01-23
  • [Book] Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Study of Stone Age Weaponry2016

    • Author(s)
      R. Iovita and K. Sano (eds.)
    • Total Pages
      297
    • Publisher
      Springer, Dordrech, Germany
  • [Book] Social Learning and Innovation in Contemporary Hunter-Gatherers: Evolutionary and Ethnographic Perspectives2016

    • Author(s)
      H. Terashima and B.S. Hewlett (eds.)
    • Total Pages
      318
    • Publisher
      Springer Japan, Tokyo
  • [Book] A History of Syria in One Hundred Sites2016

    • Author(s)
      Akazawa, T. and Y. Nishiaki
    • Total Pages
      4
    • Publisher
      Oxford: Archaeopress
  • [Book] Proceedings of the 9th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East2016

    • Author(s)
      Kadowaki, S., F. Guliyev, and Y. Nishiaki
    • Total Pages
      9
    • Publisher
      Harrassowitz Verlag, Germany.
  • [Book] The Neolithic of the Iranian Plateau. Recent Research2016

    • Author(s)
      Nishiaki, Y.
    • Total Pages
      19
    • Publisher
      SENEPSE 18. Berlin: ex oriente.
  • [Book] Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Study of Stone Age Weaponry2016

    • Author(s)
      Sano, K., Y. Denda, and M. Oba
    • Total Pages
      18
    • Publisher
      Springer, Dordrech, Germany
  • [Remarks] 交替劇

    • URL

      http://www.koutaigeki.org/

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Published: 2018-01-16  

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