海洋生命系のダイナミクス

2000 Fiscal Year Annual Research Report

• Project/Area Number: 12NP0201
• Research Category: Grant-in-Aid for Creative Basic Research
• Research Institution: The University of Tokyo
• Principal Investigator: 塚本 勝巳 東京大学, 海洋研究所, 教授 (10090474)
• Co-Investigator(Kenkyū-buntansha): 小池 勲夫 東京大学, 海洋研究所, 教授 (30107453) ; 竹井 祥郎 東京大学, 海洋研究所, 教授 (10129249) ; 西田 睦 東京大学, 海洋研究所, 教授 (90136896) ; 木暮 一啓 東京大学, 海洋研究所, 助教授 (10161895) ; 渡邊 良朗 東京大学, 海洋研究所, 教授 (90280958)
• Keywords: 海洋生命系 / 進化 / 生物多様性 / 適応 / バイオミネラリゼーション / 食物連鎖 / プランクトン / 資源変動

Research Abstract

計画の初年度にあたる本年は研究体制の整備,分析法の検討など種々の準備と実験・調査研究のサウンディングを行い,以下の成果を得た。
【生命史班】
1.藻類の進化について,紅色植物の多様化を共生生物との関わりを軸に解析を行っており,いくつかのグループについて,分子系統解析を完了した。
2.海産無脊椎動物の遺伝的分化と種分化,ならびに深海生物の起源や後生動物の高次分類群間の系統関係について,浅海と深海の比較を軸にDNA解析を進めている。
3.魚類を中心とした脊椎動物の系統進化について,新たに開発したロングPCRと魚類汎用プライマーを活用した方法を用いて,ミトコンドリアDNA全塩基配列分析を軸に研究を進めている。魚類の主要分類群の代表種250種を目標にしていたところ,既に100余種の解析を終えることができた。
4.海洋の生物多様性の創出機構について,深海底における人為撹乱や環境の季節変動と種多様性の関連などを手がかりに研究を始めた。
【機能系班】
1.生物個体数の大変動の機構を明らかにするモデル動物としてシオミズツボワムシの培養系を確立し,変動と同期して発現するいくつかの遺伝子を同定した。
2.バイオミネラルに含まれる有機基質の精製と,その役割を明らかにするためのアッセイ系を確立した。
3.魚類の海洋における浸透圧調節を司るいくつかの輸送体遺伝子を同定した。
4.インド洋において初めて深海底の化学合成生態系を発見した。
【連鎖系班】
1.コロイドサイズの粒子分布を新たな手法で解析し,その分布および特性が生産性の異なる海域によって明らかに違うことを見いだした。
2.海洋の食物連鎖系の中で基部を占める微生物と溶存有機物とのリンクを解析するために,RIを用いた定量的実験手法を開発した。
3.植物プランクトンの増殖と現存量との関係を検討したところ,限られたグループのプランクトンのみが海洋表層で著しい現存量を示しうることを見いだした。
4.中・深層のデトリタスに依存する食物連鎖について、各生物群の相互関係を明らかにするために免疫学的手法を開発した。
【変動系班】
1.シン,ギビナゴ,マイワシなどの多獲性浮魚類の仔稚魚期の成長率を耳石日周輪の解析から推定した。同時に成熟体長,齢などの生活史パラメータの推定も行った。
2.有害化学物質による海洋汚染と生物への影響をイルカ,ワレカラなどを用いて研究を進めた。
3.マサバの資源量と漁獲量について,現状の漁獲を継続した場合と漁業管理を実施した場合の2ケースについて,今後の動向を予測した。また,1989年から実施されている漁獲管理下でのミナミマグロ資源の今後の動向を予測した。

Research Products

• [Publications] YOSHINAGA,Tatsuki: "Effect of periodical starvation on the life history of Brachionus plicatilis O.F. Muller (Rotifera): a possible strategy for population stability."Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 253. 253-260 (2000)
• [Publications] YOSHINAGA,Tatsuki: "Why do rotifer populations present a typical sigmoid growth curve?"Hydrobiologia. (in press). (2001)
• [Publications] YOSHINAGA,Tatsuki: "Effect of periodical starvation on the survival of offspring in the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis"Fisheries Science. (in press). (2001)
• [Publications] Inoue,Jun G.: "A mitogenomic perspective on the basal teleostean phylogeny : resolving higher-level relationships with longer DNA sequences."Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. (in press). (2001)
• [Publications] Ishikawa,Satoshi: "Charactarization of microsatellite loci from the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica."Molecular Ecology Notes. (in press). (2001)
• [Publications] Suzuki,Nobuaki: "The phylogenetic position of the genus Atheresthes (Pleuronectidae) and its classification: A molecular phylogenetic approach using mitochondrial sequence data."Bulletin of Faculty of Fisheries Hokkaido University. (in press). (2001)
• [Publications] Kawaguchi,Akira: "Complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of Aulopus japonicus (Teleostei: Aulopiformes), a basal Eurypterygii: Longer DNA sequences and higher-level relationships."Ichthyological Research. (in press). (2001)
• [Publications] Ishiguro,Naoya: "Complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of ayu,Plecoglossus altivelis."Fisheries Science. (in press). (2001)
• [Publications] Inoue,Jun G.: "The complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the Japanese anchovy, Engraulis japonicus."Fisheries Science. (in press). (2001)
• [Publications] Inoue,Jun G.: "Complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of Conger myriaster (Teleostei : Anguillioformes) : Novel gene order for vertebrate mitochondrial genomes and the phylogenetic implications for anguilliform families."Journal of Molecular Evolution. (in press). (2001)
• [Publications] Watanabe,Katsutoshi: "Isolation and characterization of microsatellite Ioci from the endangered bagrid catfish, Pseudobagrus ichikawai."Molecular Ecology Notes. (in press). (2001)
• [Publications] Ishikawa,Satoshi: "Population structure of the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica as examined by mitochondrial DNA sequencing."Fisheries Science. (in press). (2001)
• [Publications] Inoue,Jun G.: "The complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of Japanese eel, Anguilla Japonica."Fisheries Science. 67. 118-125 (2001)
• [Publications] Matsuura,Keiichi: "Fishes from the inside moats of the lmperial Palace, Tokyo, Japan."Memoir of the National Science Museum, Tokyo. 35. 57-68 (2000)
• [Publications] Aoyama,Jun: "The European eel, Anguilla anguilla (L.), in Japanese waters."Dana. 12. 1-5 (2000)
• [Publications] Iguchi,Kei-ichiro: "Genetic biogeography among insular populations of the amphidromous fish Plecoglossus altivelis assessed from mitochondrial DNA analysis."Conservation Genetics. 1. 147-156 (2000)
• [Publications] Kumazawa,Yoshinori: "Molecular phylogeny of osteoglossoids : a new model for Gondwanian origin and plate tectonic transportation of the Asian arowana."Molecular Biology and Evolution. 17. 1869-1878 (2000)
• [Publications] Miya,Masaki: "Use of mitogenomic information in teleostean molecular phylogenetics: A tree-based exploration under the maximum-parsimony optimality criterion."Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 17. 437-455 (2000)
• [Publications] Ishikawa,Satoshi: "Gene rearrangement around the control region in the mitochondrial genome of conger eel Conger myriaster."Fisheries Science. 66. 1187-1190 (2000)
• [Publications] Inoue,Jun G.: "Complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the Japanese sardine, Sardinops melanostictus."Fisheries Science. 66. 924-932 (2000)
• [Publications] Aoyama,Jun: "Discrimination of catadromous eels of genus Anguilla using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the mitochondrial 16Sribosomal RNA domain."Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 129. 873-878 (2000)
• [Publications] Aoyama,Jun: "Are morphological characters distinctive enough to discriminate between two species of freshwater eels, Anguilla celebesensis and A.interioris?"Icthyological Research. 47. 157-161 (2000)
• [Publications] Yamaguchi,Motoomi: "Molecular phylogeny and larval morphological diversity of the lanternfish genus Hygophum (Teleostei: Myctophidae)."Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 15. 103-114 (2000)
• [Publications] Miya,Masaki: "Molecular systematics of the deep-sea fish genus Gonostoma (Stomiiformes: Gonostomatidae): two paraphyletic clades and resurrection of Sigmops."Copeia. 2000. 378-389 (2000)
• [Publications] Watanabe,Katsutoshi: "Phylogenetic relationships of the Japanese minnows, Pseudorasbora (Cyprinidae), as inferred from mitochondrial 16SrRNA gene sequences."Ichthyological Research. 47. 43-50 (2000)
• [Publications] Hara.Y: "Systematic relationship of unicellular red algae:from the phenetics to the phylogeny."Algae. 15(1). 7-11 (2000)
• [Publications] Yokoyama.A: "Generic delimitation of Rhodella (Porphyridiale, Rhodophyta)with emphasis on the ultrastructure and molecular phylogeny."Hydrobiologia. (accepted). (2001)
• [Publications] Uchida.H: "Quantitative analysis of transcripts from two zygote-specific zysl genes in Chlamydomonas reinharditii."Cytologia. 15(1)(in press). (2001)
• [Publications] Endo,K.: "Nuclear and mitochondrial gene reveal unexpected genetic heterogeneity among noethern Pacific populations of the brachiopod Lingula anatina."Mar.Biol.. (in press). (2001)
• [Publications] Fujikura,K.: "New distribution records of vesicomyid bivalves from deep-sea chemosynthesis-based communities in Japanese waters."Venus . 59. 103-121 (2000)
• [Publications] Fujiwara,Y.: "Dual symbiosis in a seep clam, Maorithyas hadalis from the hadal zone in the Japan Trench."Mar.Ecol.Prog.Ser.. (in press). (2001)
• [Publications] Fujiwara,Y.: "Phylogenetic characterization of the endosymbionts of the deepest-living vesicomyid clam, Calyptogena fossajaponica, from the Japan Trench."Venus. 59. 307-316 (2000)
• [Publications] Ida,A.P.: "Phylogeny of barnacles of the Balanus amphitrite complex occuring in Japan (Cirripedia : Balanidae) inferred from mitochondrial C01 gene nucleotide sequences and morphology."Sessile Organisms. (in press). (2001)
• [Publications] Kojima,S.: "Moleculartaxonomy of vestimentiferans of the Western Pacific and their phylogenetic relationships to species of the Eastern Pacific. I. Family Lamellibrachiidae"Mar.Biol.. (in press). (2001)
• [Publications] Kojima,S.: "Phylogeny of hydrothermal vent-endemic gastropods Alviniconcha spp. from the Western Pacific revealed by mitochondrial DNA sequences."Biol.Bull.. (in press). (2001)
• [Publications] Kojima,S.: "Genetic differentiation of populations of a hydrothermal vent-endemic gastropod, lfremeria nautilei, between the North Fiji Basin and the Manus Basin revealed by nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial DNA."Zol,Sci.. 17. 1167-1174 (2000)
• [Publications] Kojima,S.: "Stability of the courses of the warm coastal currents along the Kyushu Island suggested by the population structure of the Japanese turban shell Turbo (Batillus) cornutus."J.Oceanogr.. 56. 601-604 (2000)
• [Publications] Kojima,S.: "Bathymetrical zonation of chemosynthesis-based communities on the deepest area of the landward slope of the Japan Trench."JAMSTEC J.Deep-Sea Res.. 17. 89-93 (2000)
• [Publications] Kojima,S.: "Phylogeography of a deep-sea demersal fish, Bothrocara hollandi, in the Japan Sea."Mar.Ecol.Prog.Ser.. in press. (2001)
• [Publications] Mito,T.: "PCR survey of Hox genes in the crinoid and ophiroid: Evidence for anterior conservation and posterior expansion in the echinoderm Hox gene cluster."Mol.Phylogent.Evol.. 14. 375-388 (2001)
• [Publications] Noguchi,Y.: "The mitochondrial genome of brachiopod Laqueus rubellus."Genetics. 155. 245-259 (2000)
• [Publications] Okutani,T.: "New taxa and review of vesicomyid-bivalves collected from the Northwestern Pacific by deep sea research systems of Japan Marine Science & Technology Center."Venus. 56. 83-101 (2000)
• [Publications] Saito,M.: "Mitochondrial C01 sequences of brachiopods: genetic code shared with prostomes and limits of utility for phylogenetic reconstruction."Mol.Phylogeneit.Evol.. 15. 331-344 (2000)
• [Publications] Sarashina,I.: "The complete primary structure of molluscan shell protein 1 (MSP-1), an acidic glycoprotein in the shell matrix of the scallop Patinopecten yessoensis."Mar.Biotech.. (in press). (2001)
• [Publications] 更科功: "軟体動物の殻内酸性糖タンパク質の一次構造"月刊海洋. 32. 359-365 (2000)
• [Publications] Endo,K.: "The phylogenetic position of brachiopods inferred from mitochondrial gene orders."Brachiopods : past and present. (in press). (2001)
• [Publications] Saito,M.: "Molecular phylogenetics and evolution of long-looped brachiopods."Brachiopods : past and present. (in press). (2001)
• [Publications] Motohiro Shimanaga,Hiroshi Kitazato and Yoshihisa Shirayama: "Seasonal change in vertical distribution of meiofauna in relation to phytodetritus deposition in the bathyal Sagami Bay, Central Japan."Journal of Oceanography. 56. 379-387 (2000)
• [Publications] Fukushima,T.,Shirayama,Y.and Kuboki,E.: "The characteristics of deep-sea megabenthos community two years after an artificial rapid deposition event."Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory. 39. 17-27 (2000)
• [Publications] Takei Y.: "Structural and functional evolution of the natriuretic peptide system in vertebrates"Int.Rev.Cytol.. 194. 1-66 (2000)
• [Publications] Takei,Y.: "Comparative physiology of body fluid regulation in vertebrates with special referencce to thirst regulation"Jpn.J.Physiol.. 50. 171-186 (2000)
• [Publications] Takei,Y.and Tsuchida,T.: "Role of the renin-angiotensin system in drinking of seawater-adapted eels, Anguilla japonica: A reevaluation"Am.J.Physiol.. 279. R1105-R1111 (2000)
• [Publications] Honda,S.,Kashiwagi,M.,Miyamoto,K.,Takei,Y.and Hirose,S.: "Multiplicity, structures, and endocrine and exocrine natures of eel fucose-binding lectins"J.Biol.Chem.. 275. 33151-33157 (2000)
• [Publications] Smith,M.P.,Takei,Y.and Olson,K.R.: "Similarity of vasorelaxant effects of natriuretic peptifes in isolated blood vessels of salmonids"Physiol.Biochem.Zool.. 73. 494-500 (2000)
• [Publications] Wame,J.M.,Hyodo,S.,Harding,K.and Balment,R.J.: "Cloning of provatocin and pro-isotocin cDNAs from the flounder Platichthys flesus, levels of hypothalamic mRNA following acute osmotic challenge"Gen.Comp.Endocrinol.. 119. 77-84 (2000)
• [Publications] Uchida,K.,Kaneko, T.,Miyazaki,H.,Hasegawa,S.and T.Hirano: "Excellent salinity tolerance of Mazambiqic tilapia (Oreochromis Mossambicua)"Zool.Sci.. 17. 149-160 (2000)
• [Publications] Anderson,W.G.,Cerra,M.C.,Wells,A.,Tierney,M.L.,Tota,B.,Takei,Y.and Hazon,N.: "Angiotensin and angiotensin receptors in cartilaginous fishes"Comp.Biochem.Physiol.. 128. 31-40 (2001)
• [Publications] Cerra,M.C.Tierney,M.L.,Takei,Y.,Hazon,N.and Tota,B.: "Antiotensin II binding sites in the heart of Schliorhinus cannicula: An autoradiographic study"Gen.Comp.Endocrinol.. 121. 126-134 (2001)
• [Publications] Takei,Y.,Tsuchida,T.,Li,Z.and Conlon,J.M.: "Antidipsogenic and vasopressor effects of eel bradykininin the eel, Anguilla japonica"Am.J.Physiol.. (in press). (2001)
• [Publications] Takei,Y.,Inoue,K.,Ando.,Ihara,T.,Katafuchi,T.,Kashiwagi,M.,and Hirose,S: "Enhanced expression and release of C-type natriuretic peptide by the heart of freshwater eels, Anguilla japonica"Am.J.Phusiol.. (in press). (2001)
• [Publications] Takei, Y.: "Does the natriuretic peptide system exist throughout the animal and plant kingdom?"Comp.Biochem.Physiol.. (in press). (2001)
• [Publications] Hirose,S.,Hagiwara,H.and Takei,Y.: "Comparative molecular biology of natriuretic peptide receptors"Can.J.Physiol.Pharmacol.. (in press). (2001)
• [Publications] Takei,Y.,and Hirose,S.: "The natriuretic peptide system in eel: a key endocrine system for euryhalinity?"Am.J.Physiol.. (invited review). (2001)
• [Publications] Anderson,W.G.,Takei,Y.and Hazon,N.: "The dipsogenic effect of the renin-angiotensin system in elasmobranch fish"Gen.Camp.Endocrinol.. (in press). (2001)
• [Publications] Anderson,W.G.,Takei,Y.and Hazon,N: "Osmotic and volemic effects on drinking rate in elasmobranch fish"Am.J.Physiol.. (in press). (2001)
• [Publications] Kawakoshi,A.,Hydo,S.and Takei,Y.: "CNP is the only natriuretic peptide in a elasmobranch fish, Triakis scyllia"Zool.Sci.. (2001)
• [Publications] Tsukad,T.and Takei,Y.: "Effects of atrial, C-type, ventricular natriuretic peptides on water and electrolyte balance in eels: A comparative study"Zool.Sci.. (in press). (2001)
• [Publications] Emi Murayama, Aturo Okuno,Tsuyoshi Ohira, Yasuaki Takagi, Hiromichi Nagasawa: "Molecular cloning and expression of an otolith matrix protein cDNA from the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss"Comp.Biochem.Physiol.Part B. 126. 511-520 (2000)
• [Publications] 村山英未,都木靖彰,長澤寛道: "魚類における耳石形成の分子機構"月刊海洋. 32. 391-397 (2000)
• [Publications] Yasuaki Takagi, Katsuaki Ishii, Noriaki Ozaki and Hiromichi Nagasawa: "Immunolocalization of gastrolith matrix protein (GAMP) in the gastroliths and exoskeleton of crayfish, Procambarus clarkii"Zool.Sci.. 17. 179-184 (2000)
• [Publications] Toshiki Watanabe et al.: "Molecular anasysis of two genes, DD9A and B,Which are expressed during the postmolt stage of the decapod crustacean, Penaeus japonicus"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 125B. 127-136 (2000)
• [Publications] Hirotoshi Endo et al.: "Molecular cloning of the crustacean DD4 cDNA encoding a Ca^<2+>-binding protein"Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 276. 286-291 (2000)
• [Publications] Teppei Ikeya et al.: "The DD5 gene of the decapod crustacean Penaeus japonicus encodes a putative exoskeletal protein with a novel tandem repeat structure"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 128B. 379-388 (2000)
• [Publications] Fukuda,H.and Koike,I.: "Feeding current of particle attached nanoflagellates -a novel mechanism for aggregation of submicron particles-"Marine Ecology Progress Series. 202. 101-112 (2000)
• [Publications] T.Nagata: "Bacterioplankton distribution and production in deep Pacific waters: Large-scale geographic variations and possible coupling with sinking particle fluxes"Limnology and Oceanography. 45. 426-435 (2000)
• [Publications] R.Fukuda: "East-west gradient in ectoenzyme activities in the subarctic Pacific: Possible regulation by zinc"Limnology and Dceanography. 45. 930-939 (2000)
• [Publications] T.Nagata: "Basin-scale geographic patterns of bacterioplankton biomass and production in the subarctic Pacific, July - September 1997"Journal of Oceanography. (In press).
• [Publications] Uye,Shin-ichi: "Why does Calanus sinicus prosper in the shelf ecosystem of the Northwest Pacific Ocean?"ICES Journal of Marine Science. 57(6). 1850?1855 (2000)
• [Publications] Han M.-S.: "Size and species-specific primary production and community structure of phytoplankton in Tokyo Bay."Journal of Plankton Research. 22. 1221-1235 (2000)
• [Publications] Ramaiah N.: "Temporal variations in transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) associated with diatom spring bloom in a subarctic ria in Japan."Marine Ecology Progress Series. 212. 79-88 (2001)
• [Publications] Furuya,K.: "Pigment composition of Pedinomonas noctilucae (Pedinophyceae), an endosymbiont of the green Noctiluca (Dinophyceae)."La mer. 38. 95-97 (2000)
• [Publications] Kimura R,Watanabe Y,Zenitani H: "Nutritional condition of first-feeding larvae of sardine caught in the Kuroshio current area."ICES Journal of Marine Science. 57. 240-248 (2000)
• [Publications] Watanabe Y,Shirahuji N,Chimura M: "Latitudinal difference in recruitment dynamics of clupeid fishes"Alaska Sea Grant College Program Report. 2001-1(in press). (2001)
• [Publications] Takahashi M,Watanabe Y,Kinoshita Y.Watanabe C: "Growth of larval and juvenile Japanese anchovy, Engraulis japonicus, in the Kuroshio-Oyashio transition region"Fisheries Oceanography. 10(in press). (2001)
• [Publications] 渡邊良朗: "ニシン科魚類の資源変動様式の南北差"月刊海洋. 33(4). 215-218 (2001)
• [Publications] 白藤徳夫,武田保幸: "串本周辺海域におけるキビナゴの成長と成熟"月刊海洋. 33(4). 281-285 (2001)
• [Publications] 大河内裕之,千村昌之: "宮古湾に放流した人工生産ニシンの生態と産卵回帰"月刊海洋. 33(4). 252-258 (2001)
• [Publications] Minh,TB Watanabe M,Tanabe S,Miyazaki N,Jefferson TA,Prudente MS,Subramanian A,Karuppish S: "Widespread contamination by tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol in cetaceans from the North Pacific and Asian coastal waters"Environmental Pollution. 110. 459-468 (2000)
• [Publications] Minh,TB,H Nakata,Watanabe M,Tanabe S,Miyazaki N,Jefferson TA,Prudente MS,Subramanian A: "Isomer-specific accumulation and toxic assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls, including coplanar congeners, in cetaceans from the North Pacific and Asian coastal waters"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 39. 398-410 (2000)
• [Publications] Minh,Pridente MS,TB,Watanabe M,Tanabe S,H Nakata,Miyazaki N,Jefferson TA,Subramanian A: "Recent contamination of persistent chlorinated endocrine disrupters in cetaceans from the North Pacific and Asian coastal waters"Water Science and Technology. 47(7-8). 231-240 (2000)
• [Publications] Takahashi S,Le LTH, Saeki H,Nakata H,Tanabe S, Miyazaki N,Fujise Y: "Accumulation of butyltin compounds and total thin in marine mammals"Water Science and Technology. 47(7-8). 97-108 (2000)
• [Publications] 宮崎信之: "バイカル湖に閉じこめられたアザラシの生活とその環境"遺伝. 54(12)(11月16日). (2000)
• [Publications] 渡辺俊樹: "バイオミネラリゼーション研究の新展開"月刊海洋. 32. 355-359 (2000)
• [Publications] 渡辺俊樹 ら: "甲殻類外骨格の石灰化に関与する遺伝子の検索"月刊海洋. 32. 398-404 (2000)
• [Publications] Ishida.K: "End structure and the chloroplast protein targeting pathway in Heterosigma akashiwo(Raphidophyceae, Chromista)."J.Phycol. 36. 1135-1144 (2000)
• [Publications] 日高敏隆(編): "水と生命の生態学"講談社. 276 (2000)
• [Publications] T.Nagata: "Microbial Ecology of the Oceans"John Wiley and Sons. 542 (2000)
• [Publications] T.Nagata: "Dynamics and Characterization of Marine Organic Matter"Terra Scientific Publication. 560 (2000)
• [Publications] T.Nagata: "Microbial Biosystems: New Frontiers"Atlantic Canada Society for Microbial Ecology(in press).
• [Publications] 松田裕之: "環境生態学序説:持続可能な漁業,生物多様性の保全,生態系管理、環境影響評価の科学"共立出版. 211 (2001)