2021 Fiscal Year Final Research Report
The Acquisition of Law Enforcement Capability by the President of the United States without Relying on the Law: Focusing on the Presidential Memorandum
| Project/Area Number |
19K01446
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| Research Category |
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
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| Allocation Type | Multi-year Fund |
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| Section | 一般 |
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| Review Section |
Basic Section 06010:Politics-related
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| Research Institution | Tokyo Metropolitan University |
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Principal Investigator |
Takeshi Umekawa 東京都立大学, 法学政治学研究科, 教授 (40635033)
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| Co-Investigator(Kenkyū-buntansha) |
菅原 和行 福岡大学, 法学部, 教授 (90433119)
梅川 葉菜 駒澤大学, 法学部, 准教授 (60780517)
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| Project Period (FY) |
2019-04-01 – 2022-03-31
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| Keywords | アメリカ政治 / 大統領制 / 大統領令 / 大統領覚書 |
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| Outline of Final Research Achievements |
The typical order issued by the President of the United States to an administrative agency is an executive order, which specifies the law upon which the order is based and orders the administrative agency to enforce the law. Since the Obama administration, however, presidential memorandum has been on the rise. The characteristic feature of a memorandum is that it does not need to indicate the law on which it is based. If the president can act as if he has authority by memorandum, it could upend the separation of powers system, which is primarily intended to curb the power of the president. This study clarifies why and how memoranda have come to be used more frequently since the Obama administration, and what measures have been taken by other actors to counter memoranda.
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| Free Research Field |
アメリカ政治、アメリカ政治外交史
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| Academic Significance and Societal Importance of the Research Achievements |
2017年にトランプ政権が誕生した当初、日本の新聞では毎日のように「大統領令」による政策変更が報じられた。しかし、当時の日本では「大統領令」についての認識は不十分であった。そもそも、日本語の「大統領令」は、行政命令(executive order)や大統領覚書(presidential memorandum)などの複数の命令形式の総称であり、実は、相当する言葉はアメリカにはない（強いて言えばpresidential actionsになる）。本研究は大統領覚書の分析を通じて、アメリカ大統領がどのように権力を行使しているのかについての分析を行い、日本におけるアメリカ理解の進展に寄与した。
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