Budget Amount *help |
¥2,100,000 (Direct Cost: ¥2,100,000)
Fiscal Year 2000: ¥500,000 (Direct Cost: ¥500,000)
Fiscal Year 1999: ¥1,600,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,600,000)
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Research Abstract |
My study examines the unique charakteristics of the civil culture in the pre-March period of Vienna which developed due to the distinction between censorship and freedom of speech and press. I realized, first, in the process of my research that the oppositional structure of censorship and resistance appears quite obviously in the conflict between the theatre-policy of the so called "Metternich system" and the activities of those associated with theatre, who contributed mainly to the production of dramas and to their performance under the reign of Emperor Franz II (I). As a result of the analysis of this conflict, I then came to examine the development and breakdown of the theater culture of Vienna. Emperor Franz announced long before the beginning of the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) various kinds of laws, which essentially consisted of regulations and bans related to the theater and performance. However, the contents of the regulations that were made known before the notorious "Resol
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ution of Karlsbad"(1819), are similar to those of bans. For example, the "theatrerules" (1800) and the "regulations for policemen working in the theatre"(1803) consist of closer qualifications, which have a main aim of restriction of freedoms concerning the running of theater and the behavior and manners of audience. This tendency of censorship was intensified further resulting in a ban on improvised theater and the ballet of children (1821). This type of censorship reached its highest level from the year 1826, when even the politically moderate literary circle "Ludlamshohle" was forced to dissolve, till 1829, just before the July Revolution in Paris. In this period, various kinds of operas or dramas of Schubert, Bauernfeld and Grillparzer were often prohibited. On the other hand, it is also an historical fact that the oppressive measures of the government represented by censorship propelled many intellectuals into emigration to, for example North-America. This brought a positively ironical result that some of them contributed to the cultural intercommunication between Europe and America. (e. g., Charles Sealsfield and Nikolaus Lenau) Less
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