Passive cooling for rapidly growing middle-class apartments in major cities of Indonesia(Fostering Joint International Research)

• Project/Area Number: 15KK0210
• Research Category: Fund for the Promotion of Joint International Research (Fostering Joint International Research)
• Allocation Type: Multi-year Fund
• Research Field: Architectural environment/Equipment
• Research Institution: Hiroshima University
• Principal Investigator: Kubota Tetsu 広島大学, 国際協力研究科, 准教授 (80549741)
• Research Collaborator: Sabaruddin A. インドネシア人間居住研究所, 所長
• Project Period (FY): 2016 – 2018
• Project Status: Completed (Fiscal Year 2018)
• Budget Amount: ¥14,820,000 (Direct Cost: ¥11,400,000、Indirect Cost: ¥3,420,000)
• Keywords: パッシブクーリング / 省エネルギー / 低炭素技術 / 蒸暑気候 / 東南アジア / インドネシア / 自然換気 / 国際研究者交流 / 高温多湿気候 / 基準化 / 建築環境・設備 / 国際協力 / 人間生活環境 / 地球温暖化ガス排出削減

Outline of Final Research Achievements

The goal of this study is to develop energy-saving standards for mid-to-high-rise apartments for middle-class, jointly with the Research Institute for Human Settlements in Bandung, Indonesia. These apartments have rapidly been increased in major cities. We divided the research topic into the following five clusters and then conducted joint researches respectively: (1) fundamental site analysis, (2) occupants’ adaptations and thermal comfort, (3) building envelope, (4) health; indoor air quality, and (5) design and construction. During the final year, we completed the detailed design for the full-scale experimental house. The construction has just been started in Tegal in April 2019. We will conduct experiments using the house to confirm the proposed building techniques and determine the proposed energy-saving measures based on the results. Finally, we plan to include our research findings into the existing design guidelines for the apartments.

Academic Significance and Societal Importance of the Research Achievements

①本研究は，高温多湿という気候的共通性を有する日本とインドネシアの連携の下で，同国の気候特性に適応した省エネルギー基準を開発するものである。特に，従来の建築技術の多くは高気密・高断熱化を志向するものが多かったのに対し，窓開放を前提とした開放系建物のクーリング技術の開発や基準化に関する研究は新しく学術的意義は大きい。
②インドネシアの人口は約2億5千万人であり，集合住宅の既存の設計ガイドラインに省エネ基準を盛り込んだ際の波及効果は国内のみを想定しても非常に大きい。さらに，東南アジア周辺諸国では，都市化とともに中間層が急成長する国が多く，そうした新興国に本研究で得られた成果を適用できる可能性は高い。

Research Products

• [Int'l Joint Research] インドネシア人間居住研究所(インドネシア) (2017)
• [Journal Article] Indoor air quality and health in newly constructed apartments in developing countries: A case study of Surabaya, Indonesia (2019)
  • Author(s): Hildebrandt, S., Kubota, T., Sani, H.A., Surahman, U.
  • Journal Title: Atmosphere Volume: 10(4) Issue: 4 Pages: 182-182
  • DOI: 10.3390/atmos10040182
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Effects of building microclimate on the thermal environment of traditional Japanese houses during hot-humid summer (2019)
  • Author(s): Hosham, A.F., Kubota, T.
  • Journal Title: Buildings Volume: 9(1) Issue: 1 Pages: 22-22
  • DOI: 10.3390/buildings9010022
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] マレーシアの都市住宅を対象としたパッシブクーリングによる省エネ改修手法 (2017)
  • Author(s): 久保田 徹，Mohd Azuan Zakaria
  • Journal Title: 日本太陽エネルギー学会誌 Volume: 43(4) Pages: 9-17
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Impacts of land use changes on urban heat islands in Hanoi, Vietnam: scenario analysis (2017)
  • Author(s): Trihamdani, A.R., Kubota, T., Lee, H.S., Sumida, K., Phuong, T.T.T.
  • Journal Title: Procedia Engineering Volume: 198 Pages: 525-529
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.07.107
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Thermal functions of internal courtyards of traditional Chinese shophouses in the hot-humid climate of Malaysia (2017)
  • Author(s): Kubota, T., Zakaria M.A., Abe, S., Toe, D.H.C.
  • Journal Title: Building and Environment Volume: 112 Pages: 115-131
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.11.005
  • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Impacts of land use changes from the Hanoi Master Plan 2030 on urban islands: Part 1. Cooling effects of proposed green strategies (2017)
  • Author(s): Kubota, T., Lee, H.S., Trihamdani, A. R., Phuong, T.T.T., Tanaka, T., Matsuo, K.
  • Journal Title: Sustainable Cities and Society Volume: 33 Pages: 295-317
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2017.04.001
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Impacts of land use changes from the Hanoi Master Plan 2030 on urban islands: Part 2. Influence of global warming (2017)
  • Author(s): Lee, H.S., Trihamdani, A. R., Kubota, T., Iizuka, S., Phuong, T.T.T.
  • Journal Title: Sustainable Cities and Society Volume: 31 Pages: 95-108
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2017.02.015
  • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
• [Journal Article] Evaluation of current material stock and future demolition waste for urban residential buildings in Jakarta and Bandung, Indonesia: Embodied energy and CO2 emission analysis (2017)
  • Author(s): Surahman, U., Higashi, O., Kubota, T.
  • Journal Title: Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management Volume: 19(2) Issue: 2 Pages: 657-675
  • DOI: 10.1007/s10163-015-0460-1
  • Peer Reviewed / Int'l Joint Research / Acknowledgement Compliant
• [Presentation] CFD analysis of air flow in voids for better cross ventilation in multistory buildings in hot and humid climates (2019)
  • Author(s): Kumar, N., Kubota, T., Bardhan, R., Morita, K., Inoue, H.
  • Organizer: The 16th International Building Performance Simulation Association
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Wind tunnel experiments on ventilation effect of void spaces for low-cost apartments in the tropics (2019)
  • Author(s): Kumar, N., Wang, Z., Kubota, T., Tominaga, Y., Bardhan, R.
  • Organizer: The 15th International Conference on Wind Engineering
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Indoor air quality and its effects on health in urban houses of Indonesia: a case study of Surabaya (2018)
  • Author(s): Kubota, T., Sani, H.A., Hildebrandt S., Surahman U., Paramita, B., Ray, H.R.D.
  • Organizer: International Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture (PLEA 2018)
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Adaptation measures of the existing residential buildings in Hanoi to counteract the effects of future urban warming (2018)
  • Author(s): Trihamdani, A.R., Sumida, K., Kubota, T., Lee, H.S.
  • Organizer: International Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture (PLEA 2018)
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Effects of wet courtyard on the thermal environment of traditional Japanese houses (2018)
  • Author(s): Hosham, A.F., Zakaria, M.A., Kubota, T.
  • Organizer: International Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture (PLEA 2018)
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Daily patterns of occupants’ window-opening and air-conditioning usage in hot-humid climates of Southeast Asia (2018)
  • Author(s): Mori, H., Kubota, T.
  • Organizer: International Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture (PLEA 2018)
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Low-emission affordable apartments in Indonesia towards Paris Agreement 2030 (2018)
  • Author(s): Kubota, T., Alfata, M.N.F.
  • Organizer: The 5th International Seminar on Tropical Eco-Settlements
  • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
• [Presentation] Indoor air quality and health in residential buildings in major cities of Indonesia (2018)
  • Author(s): Kubota, T., Hildebrandt S., Sani, H.A., Surahman U.
  • Organizer: The 18th Science Council of Asia Conference
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Field investigation of indoor and outdoor thermal environments of traditional courtyard houses of Kabul (2018)
  • Author(s): Hosham, A.F., Kubota, T.
  • Organizer: 日本建築学会大会（東北）学術梗概集
• [Presentation] Factors affecting satisfaction levels in rehabilitation houses of conflict-affected communities in Central Mindanao, Philippines (2018)
  • Author(s): Lawan, S.A., Kubota, T.
  • Organizer: 日本建築学会大会（東北）学術梗概集
• [Presentation] Analysis of factors affecting community development in Kampung and public apartments in major cities of Indonesia (2018)
  • Author(s): Fujii, M., Kubota, T., Trihamdani, A.R.
  • Organizer: 日本建築学会大会（東北）学術梗概集
• [Presentation] Study on openings for naturally ventilated houses that adapt to the hot and humid climate of Indonesia (2018)
  • Author(s): Tanimoto, A., Kubota, T., Alfata, M.N.F.
  • Organizer: 日本建築学会大会（東北）学術梗概集
• [Presentation] Field survey on indoor air quality and health in major cities of Indonesia (2018)
  • Author(s): Kubota, T., Sani, H.A., Hildebrandt S., Surahman U., Ray, H.R.D., Paramita, B.
  • Organizer: 日本建築学会大会（東北）学術梗概集
• [Presentation] Modification techninques for residential buildings to adapt to future urban warming in growing cities of Southeast Asia: A case study in Hanoi City (2018)
  • Author(s): Trihamdani, A.R., Sumida, K., Kubota, T., Lee, H.S., Iizuka, S.
  • Organizer: International Workshop on Wind-Related Disasters and Mitigation
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Energy-saving modification techniques for modern houses in the hot-humid climates of Malaysia (2017)
  • Author(s): Kubota, T., Zakaria, M.A., Ahmad, M.H., Toe, D.H.C.
  • Organizer: HABITechno 3 International Conference
  • Int'l Joint Research / Invited
• [Presentation] Full-scale experiment on energy-saving modification for urban houses in hot-humid climate of Malaysia (2017)
  • Author(s): Zakaria, M.A., Kubota, T., Toe, D.H.C., Ahmad, M.H.
  • Organizer: International Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture (PLEA 2017)
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] The effects of veranda space on indoor thermal environments in Dutch colonial buildings in Bandung, Indonesia (2017)
  • Author(s): Alfata, M.N.F., Kubota, T., Wibowo, A.S.
  • Organizer: International Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture (PLEA 2017)
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Factors affecting the energy consumption for space heating of residential buildings in Tashkent region, Uzbekistan (2017)
  • Author(s): Tangabaeva, G., Kubota, T.
  • Organizer: International Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture (PLEA 2017)
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Factors affecting occurrence of dengue fever in major cities of Southeast Asia (2017)
  • Author(s): Ida, M., Kubota, T., Trihamdani, A.R., Sumida, K.
  • Organizer: 17th Conference of the Science Council of Asia
  • Int'l Joint Research
• [Presentation] Full-scale experiments on energy-saving modification for existing urban houses in Malaysia: Part 1. Numerical simulation on optimum combinations of passive cooling techniques (2017)
  • Author(s): Kubota, T., Ohashi, M., Zakaria, M.A.
  • Organizer: 日本建築学会大会（中国）学術梗概集
• [Presentation] Full-scale experiments on energy-saving modification for existing urban houses in Malaysia: Part 2. Results of full-scale experiments (2017)
  • Author(s): Zakaria, M.A., Kubota, T.
  • Organizer: 日本建築学会大会（中国）学術梗概集
• [Presentation] Analysis of factors affecting the occurrence of dengue fever in major cities of Southeast Asia (2017)
  • Author(s): Ida, M., Kubota, T., Trihamdani, A.R., Sumida, K.
  • Organizer: 日本建築学会大会（中国）学術梗概集
• [Presentation] Impacts of urban warming on indoor thermal comfort and cooling load in urban houses for the 2030s (2017)
  • Author(s): Sumida, K., Trihamdani, A.R., Kubota, T.
  • Organizer: 日本建築学会大会（中国）学術梗概集
• [Book] Sustainable Houses and Living in the Hot-Humid Climates of Asia (2018)
  • Author(s): Kubota, T., Rijal, H.B., Takaguchi, H. (Eds.)
  • Total Pages: 559
  • Publisher: Springer
  • ISBN: 9789811084652
• [Book] Introduction, Chapter 1, in Kubota, T. et al. (Eds.) Sustainable Houses and Living in the Hot-Humid Climates of Asia (2018)
  • Author(s): Kubota, T.
  • Total Pages: 10
  • Publisher: Springer
  • ISBN: 9789811084652
• [Book] Indonesia: Dutch colonial buildings, Chapter 2, in Kubota, T. et al. (Eds.) Sustainable Houses and Living in the Hot-Humid Climates of Asia (2018)
  • Author(s): Widowo, A.S., Alfata, M.N.F. Kubota, T.
  • Total Pages: 11
  • Publisher: Springer
  • ISBN: 9789811084652
• [Book] Window-opening behaviour in hot and humid climates of Southeast Asia, Chapter 22, in Kubota, T. et al. (Eds.) Sustainable Houses and Living in the Hot-Humid Climates of Asia (2018)
  • Author(s): Mori, H., Kubota, T., Arethusa, M.T.
  • Total Pages: 10
  • Publisher: Springer
  • ISBN: 9789811084652
• [Book] Household energy consumption and CO2 emissions for residential buildings in Jakarta and Bandung of Indonesia, Chapter 32, in Kubota, T. et al. (Eds.) Sustainable Houses and Living in the Hot-Humid Climates of Asia (2018)
  • Author(s): Surahman, U., Kubota, T.
  • Total Pages: 9
  • Publisher: Springer
  • ISBN: 9789811084652
• [Book] Household energy consumption in slum areas: a case study of Tacloban City, Philippines, Chapter 36, in Kubota, T. et al. (Eds.) Sustainable Houses and Living in the Hot-Humid Climates of Asia (2018)
  • Author(s): Oliva, E.C., Kubota, T.
  • Total Pages: 12
  • Publisher: Springer
  • ISBN: 9789811084652
• [Book] Thermal function of internal courtyards in traditional Chinese shophouses in Malaysia, Chapter 37, in Kubota, T. et al. (Eds.) Sustainable Houses and Living in the Hot-Humid Climates of Asia (2018)
  • Author(s): Zakaria, M.A., Kubota, T., Toe, D.H.C.
  • Total Pages: 10
  • Publisher: Springer
  • ISBN: 9789811084652
• [Book] Indoor thermal environments in apartments of Surabaya, Indonesia, Chapter 40, in Kubota, T. et al. (Eds.) Sustainable Houses and Living in the Hot-Humid Climates of Asia (2018)
  • Author(s): Kubota, T., Alfata, M.N.F., Arethusa, M.T., Uno, T., Antaryama, I.G.N., Ekasiwi, S.N.N., Nugroho, A.M.
  • Total Pages: 12
  • Publisher: Springer
  • ISBN: 9789811084652
• [Book] Energy-saving experimental house in hot-humid climate of Malaysia, Chapter 43, in Kubota, T. et al. (Eds.) Sustainable Houses and Living in the Hot-Humid Climates of Asia (2018)
  • Author(s): Kubota, T., Zakaria, M.A., Ahmad, M.H., Toe, D.H.C.
  • Total Pages: 15
  • Publisher: Springer
  • ISBN: 9789811084652
• [Book] Urban climate challenges in Hanoi: urban heat islands and global warming, Chapter 48, in Kubota, T. et al. (Eds.) Sustainable Houses and Living in the Hot-Humid Climates of Asia (2018)
  • Author(s): Trihamdani, A.R., Lee, H.S., Kubota, T., Iizuka, S., Phuong, T.T.T.
  • Total Pages: 11
  • Publisher: Springer
  • ISBN: 9789811084652
• [Book] Indoor thermal environments and design problems of high-rise apartments in hot-humid climate of Indonesia, Chapter 11, in Matzarakis, A., Paramita, B. (Eds.) Equity, Equality and Justice in Urban Housing Development (2018)
  • Author(s): Alfata, M.N.F., Kubota, T.
  • Total Pages: 35
  • Publisher: UPI Press
• [Book] Low-emission affordable apartments in Indonesia towards Paris Agreement 2030, Chapter 12, in Matzarakis, A., Paramita, B. (Eds.) Equity, Equality and Justice in Urban Housing Development (2018)
  • Author(s): Kubota, T., Alfata, M.N.F.
  • Total Pages: 19
  • Publisher: UPI Press
• [Remarks] https://home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/tetsu/index.html
• [Funded Workshop] The 2nd Workshop on Energy-Saving Standards for Middle-Class Apartments (Rusun) in Indonesia (2018)