| Budget Amount *help |
¥3,980,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,200,000、Indirect Cost: ¥780,000)
Fiscal Year 2011: ¥780,000 (Direct Cost: ¥600,000、Indirect Cost: ¥180,000)
Fiscal Year 2010: ¥1,300,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,000,000、Indirect Cost: ¥300,000)
Fiscal Year 2009: ¥520,000 (Direct Cost: ¥400,000、Indirect Cost: ¥120,000)
Fiscal Year 2008: ¥780,000 (Direct Cost: ¥600,000、Indirect Cost: ¥180,000)
Fiscal Year 2007: ¥600,000 (Direct Cost: ¥600,000)
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| Research Abstract |
Defensive pessimists are considered to be adaptive because of their high academic performances. However, there are few studies about social and sport situations. The purposes were to investigate the defensive pessimism about situations of speech, social and health. A factor analysis about speech situation revealed a four-factor solution, which is consistent with JDPI(Araki, 2008)
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