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Regulation of immune responses by IL-15

Research Project

Project/Area Number 20591783
Research Category

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)

Allocation TypeSingle-year Grants
Section一般
Research Field Orthopaedic surgery
Research InstitutionKyushu University

Principal Investigator

HISAKATA Yamada  Kyushu University, 生体防御医学研究所, 准教授 (20363369)

Project Period (FY) 2008 – 2010
Project Status Completed (Fiscal Year 2010)
Budget Amount *help
¥4,550,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,500,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,050,000)
Fiscal Year 2010: ¥1,300,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,000,000、Indirect Cost: ¥300,000)
Fiscal Year 2009: ¥1,560,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,200,000、Indirect Cost: ¥360,000)
Fiscal Year 2008: ¥1,690,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,300,000、Indirect Cost: ¥390,000)
Keywordsリウマチ病学
Research Abstract

In order to elucidate the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), it is important to understand the mechanism of regulating T cell functions that play central role in immune responses. In the present study, we addressed the role of IL-15, one of the proinflammatory cytokines that are upregulated in RA, in T cell functions in vivo by using mouse models. We found IL-15 is especially important in the development, maintenance, and activation of self-specific T cells.

Report

(4 results)
  • 2010 Annual Research Report   Final Research Report ( PDF )
  • 2009 Annual Research Report
  • 2008 Annual Research Report
  • Research Products

    (56 results)

All 2011 2010 2009 2008 Other

All Journal Article (42 results) (of which Peer Reviewed: 40 results) Presentation (13 results) Remarks (1 results)

  • [Journal Article] Preferential Accumulation of Activated Th1 Cells Not Only in Rheumatoid Arthritis But Also in Osteoarthritis Joints.2011

    • Author(s)
      Yamada H, Nakashima Y, Okazaki K,Mawatari T, Fukushi JI, Oyamada A, Fujimura K, Iwamoto Y, Yoshikai Y.
    • Journal Title

      J Rheumatol.[Epub ahead of print]

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] IL-17 production by γδ T cells is important for the antitumor effect of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin treatment against bladder cancer.2011

    • Author(s)
      Takeuchi A, Dejima T, Yamada H, Shibata K, Nakamura R, Eto M, Nakatani T, Naito S, Yoshikai Y.
    • Journal Title

      Eur J Immunol. 41(1)

      Pages: 246-51

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] CD30 Ligand Is a Target for a Novel Biological Therapy against Colitis Associated with Th17 Responses.2010

    • Author(s)
      Sun X, Yamada H, Shibata K, Muta H, Tani K, Podack ER, Iwakura Y, Yoshikai Y.
    • Journal Title

      J Immunol. 185(12)

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Th17 cells and human arthritic diseases.2010

    • Author(s)
      Yamada H.
    • Journal Title

      Nihon Rinsho Meneki Gakkai Kaishi. 33(4)

      Pages: 214-221

    • NAID

      10027753748

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Journal Article] CD30 ligand/CD30 plays a critical role in Th17 differentiation in mice.2010

    • Author(s)
      Sun X, Yamada H, Shibata K, Muta H, Tani K, Podack ER, Yoshikai Y.
    • Journal Title

      J Immunol. 185(4)

      Pages: 2222-2230

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Current perspectives on the role of IL-17 in autoimmune disease.2010

    • Author(s)
      Yamada H.
    • Journal Title

      J.Inflam Res. 3

      Pages: 33-34

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Interleukin-15 is critical in the pathogenesis of influenza A virus-induced acute lung injury.2010

    • Author(s)
      Nakamura R, Maeda N, Shibata K, Yamada H, Kase T, Yoshikai Y.
    • Journal Title

      J Virol. 84(11)

      Pages: 5574-5582

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] The LTB4-BLT1 Axis Mediates Neutrophil Infiltration and Secondary Injury in Experimental Spinal Cord Injury.2010

    • Author(s)
      Saiwai H, Ohkawa Y, Yamada H, Kumamaru H, Harada A, Okano H, Yokomizo T, Iwamoto Y, Okada S.
    • Journal Title

      Am J Pathol. 176(5)

      Pages: 2352-2366

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Interleukin-15 is critical in the pathogenesis of influenza A virus-induced acute lung injury.2010

    • Author(s)
      Nakamura R, Maeda N, Shibata K, Yamada H, Kase T, Yoshikai Y.
    • Journal Title

      J Virol.

      Volume: 84 Pages: 5574-82

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Selective control of type I IFN induction by the Rac activator DOCK2 during TLR-mediated plasmacytoid dendritic cell activation.2010

    • Author(s)
      Gotoh K, Tanaka Y, Nishikimi A, Nakamura R, Yamada H, Maeda N, Ishikawa T, Hoshino K, Uruno T, Cao Q, Higashi S, Kawaguchi Y, Enjoji M, Takayanagi R, Kaisho T, Yoshikai Y, Fukui Y.
    • Journal Title

      J Exp Med

      Volume: 207 Pages: 721-30

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] The LTB4-BLT1 Axis Mediates Neutrophil Infiltration and Secondary Injury in Experimental Spinal Cord Injury.2010

    • Author(s)
      Saiwai H, Ohkawa Y, Yamada H, Kumamaru H, Harada A, Okano H, Yokomizo T, Iwamoto Y, Okada S.
    • Journal Title

      Am J Pathol.

      Volume: 176 Pages: 2352-66

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Current perspectives on the role of IL-17 in autoimmune disease2010

    • Author(s)
      Yamada H
    • Journal Title

      J Inflam Res.

      Volume: 3 Pages: 33-44

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Antibody-mediated T-cell reduction or increased levels of chimerism overcome resistance to cyclophosphamide-induced tolerance in NKT-deficient mice.2010

    • Author(s)
      Onzuka T, Tomita Y, Okano S, Shimizu I, Yamada H, Yoshikai Y, Tominaga R.
    • Journal Title

      Scand J Immunol.

      Volume: 72 Pages: 106-17

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] CD30 ligand/CD30 plays a critical role in Th17 differentiation in mice.2010

    • Author(s)
      Sun X, Yamada H, Shibata K, Muta H, Tani K, Podack ER, Yoshikai Y.
    • Journal Title

      J Immunol

      Volume: 185 Pages: 2222-30

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Mechanism of Synergistic Antitumor Effect of Sorafenib and Interferon-α on Treatment of Renal Cell Carcinoma2010

    • Author(s)
      Takeuchi A, Eto M, Tatsugami K, Yamada H, Oki T, Kiyoshima K, Yoshikai Y, Naito S.
    • Journal Title

      J Urol.

      Volume: 184 Pages: 2549-56

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] CD30 Ligand Is a Target for a Novel Biological Therapy against Colitis Associated with Th17 Responses2010

    • Author(s)
      Sun X, Yamada H, Shibata K, Muta H, Tani K, Podack ER, Iwakura Y, Yoshikai Y.
    • Journal Title

      J Immunol.

      Volume: 185 Pages: 7671-80

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] IL-17 production by γδ T cells is important for the antitumor effect of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin treatment against bladder cancer.2010

    • Author(s)
      Takeuchi A, Dejima T, Yamada H, Shibata K, Nakamura R, Eto M, Nakatani T, Naito S, Yoshikai Y.
    • Journal Title

      Eur J Immunol.

      Volume: 41 Pages: 246-51

    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Direct recognition of mycobacterial cord factor, trehalose dimycolate, by C-type lectin Mincle.2009

    • Author(s)
      Ishikawa E, Ishikawa T, Morita Y, Toyonaga K, Yamada H, Takeuchi O, Akira S, Kinoshita T, Yoshikai Y. Yamasaki S.
    • Journal Title

      J Exp Med. 206(13)

      Pages: 2879-2888

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Tyrosine kinase 2 plays critical roles in the pathogenic CD4 T cell responses for the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.2009

    • Author(s)
      Oyamada A, Ikebe H, Itsumi M, Saiwai H, Okada S, Shimoda K, Iwakura Y, Nakayama K, Iwamoto Y, Yoshikai Y, Yamada H.
    • Journal Title

      J Immunol. 183(11)

      Pages: 7539-7546

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Oral administration of xanthan gum enhances antitumor activity through Toll-like receptor 4.2009

    • Author(s)
      Takeuchi A, Kamiryou Y, Yamada H, Eto M, Shibata K, Haruna K, Naito S, Yoshikai Y.
    • Journal Title

      Int Immunopharmacol. 9(13-14)

      Pages: 1562-1567

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Protective role of Fas-FasL signaling in lethal infection with herpes simplex virus type 2 in mice.2009

    • Author(s)
      Ishikawa T, Yamada H, Oyamada A, Goshima F, Nishiyama Y, Yoshikai Y.
    • Journal Title

      J Virol. 83(22)

      Pages: 11777-11783

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Th17 cells in human rheumatoid arthritis.2009

    • Author(s)
      Yamada H.
    • Journal Title

      Nihon Rinsho Meneki Gakkai Kaishi. 32(4)

      Pages: 249-255

    • NAID

      10026352183

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Journal Article] IL-15 is critical for the maintenance and innate functions of self-specific CD8(+) T cells.2009

    • Author(s)
      Itsumi M, Yoshikai Y, Yamada H.
    • Journal Title

      Eur J Immunol. 39(7)

      Pages: 1784-1793

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Donor CD4 T Cells Are Critical in Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation against Murine Solid Tumor.2009

    • Author(s)
      Kamiryo Y, Eto M, Yamada H, Yajima T, Harano M, Takeuchi A, Tatsugami K, Hamaguchi M, Naito S, Yoshikai Y.
    • Journal Title

      Cancer Res. 69(12)

      Pages: 5151-5158

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] IL-15 protects antigen-specific CD8+ T cell contraction after Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin infection.2009

    • Author(s)
      Tang C, Yamada H, Shibata K, Yoshida SI, Wajjwalku W, Yoshikai Y.
    • Journal Title

      J Leukoc Biol. 86(1)

      Pages: 187-194

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] IL-15 is critical for the maintenance and innate functions of self-specific CD8(+)T cells2009

    • Author(s)
      Itsumi M, Yoshikai Y, Yamada H.
    • Journal Title

      Eur J Immunol. 39

      Pages: 1784-1793

    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] IL-15 protects antigen-specific CD8+ T cell contraction after Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin infection2009

    • Author(s)
      Tang C, Yamada H, Shibata K, Yoshida SI, Wajjwalku W, Yoshikai Y.
    • Journal Title

      J Leukoc Biol. 86

      Pages: 187-194

    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Donor CD4 T Cells Are Critical in Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation against Murine Solid Tumor2009

    • Author(s)
      Kamiryo Y, Eto M, Yamada H, Yajima T, Harano M, Takeuchi A, Tatsugami K, Hamaguchi M, Naito S, Yoshikai Y.
    • Journal Title

      Cancer Res.

      Pages: 5151-5158

    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Protective role of Fas-FasL signaling in lethal infection with herpes simplex virus type 2 in mice2009

    • Author(s)
      Ishikawa T, Yamada H, Oyamada A, Goshima F, Nishiyama Y, Yoshikai Y.
    • Journal Title

      J Virol. 83

      Pages: 11777-11783

    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Oral administration of xanthan gum enhances antitumor activity through Toll-like receptor 42009

    • Author(s)
      Takeuchi A, Kamiryou Y, Yamada H, Eto M, Shibata K, Haruna K, Naito S, Yoshikai Y.
    • Journal Title

      Int Immunopharmacol 9

      Pages: 1562-1567

    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Effects of lipopolysaccharide on the induction of mixed chimerism in cyclophosphamide-induced tolerance2009

    • Author(s)
      Onzuka T, Tomita Y, Shimizu I, Okano S, Yamada H, Yoshikai Y, Tominaga R.
    • Journal Title

      Scand J Immunol. 70

      Pages: 423-430

    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Tyrosine kinase 2 plays critical roles in the pathogenic CD4 T cell responses for the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis2009

    • Author(s)
      Oyamada A, Ikebe H, Itsumi M, Saiwai H, Okada S, Shimoda K, Iwakura Y, Nakayama K, Iwamoto Y, Yoshikai Y, Yamada H
    • Journal Title

      J Immunol. 183

      Pages: 7539-7546

    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Direct recognition of mycobacterial cord factor, trehalose dimycolate, by C-type lectin Mincle2009

    • Author(s)
      Ishikawa E, Ishikawa T, Morita Y, Toyonaga K, Yamada H, Takeuchi O, Akira S, Kinoshita T, Yoshikai Y, Yamasaki S
    • Journal Title

      J Exp Med. 206

      Pages: 2879-2888

    • Related Report
      2009 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] A novel role of CD30L/CD30 signaling by T-T cell interaction in Th1 response against mycobacterial infection.2008

    • Author(s)
      Tang C, Yamada H, Shibata K, Muta H, Wajjwalku W, Podack ER, Yoshikai Y.
    • Journal Title

      J Immunol. 181(9)

      Pages: 6316-6327

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Identification of CD25+ gammadelta T cells as fetal thymus-derived naturally occurring IL-17 producers.2008

    • Author(s)
      Shibata K, Yamada H, Nakamura R, Sun X, Itsumi M, Yoshikai Y.
    • Journal Title

      J Immunol. 181(9)

      Pages: 5940-5947

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] The cytokine RANKL produced by positively selected thymocytes fosters medullary thymic epithelial cells that express autoimmune regulator.2008

    • Author(s)
      Hikosaka Y, Nitta T, Ohigashi I, Yano K, Ishimaru N, Hayashi Y, Matsumoto M, Matsuo K, Penninger JM, Takayanagi H, Yokota Y, Yamada H, Yoshikai Y, Inoue J, Akiyama T, Takahama Y.
    • Journal Title

      Immunity. 29(3)

      Pages: 438-450

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Tyk2-signaling plays an important role in host defense against Escherichia coli through IL-23-induced IL-17 production by gammadelta T cells.2008

    • Author(s)
      Nakamura R, Shibata K, Yamada H, Shimoda K, Nakayama K, Yoshikai Y.
    • Journal Title

      J Immunol. 181(3)

      Pages: 2071-2075

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Comparative histopathological analysis between tenosynovitis and joint synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis.2008

    • Author(s)
      Kaibara N, Yamada H, Shuto T, Nakashima Y, Okazaki K, Miyahara H, Esaki Y, Hirata G, Iwamoto Y.
    • Journal Title

      Histopathology. 52(7)

      Pages: 856-864

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Th1 but not Th17 cells predominate in the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.2008

    • Author(s)
      Yamada H, Nakashima Y, Okazaki K, Mawatari T, Fukushi JI, Kaibara N, Hori A, Iwamoto Y, Yoshikai Y.
    • Journal Title

      Ann Rheum Dis. 67(9)

      Pages: 1299-1304

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Comparative histopathological analysis between tenosynovitis and joint synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis.2008

    • Author(s)
      Kaibara N, Yamada H, Shuto T, Nakashima Y, Okazaki K, Miyahara H, Esaki Y, Hirata G, Iwamoto Y
    • Journal Title

      Histopathology 52

      Pages: 856-864

    • Related Report
      2008 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Thl but not Th17 cells predominate in the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis2008

    • Author(s)
      Yamada H, Nakashima Y, Okazaki K, Mawatari T, Fukushi JI, Kaibara N, Hori A, Iwamoto Y, Yoshikai Y.
    • Journal Title

      Annals of Rheumatic Disease. 67

      Pages: 1299-1304

    • Related Report
      2008 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Identification of CD25+ gammadelta T cells as fetal thymus-derived naturally occurring IL-17 producers.2008

    • Author(s)
      Shibata K, Yamada H, Nakamura R, Sun X, Itsumi M, Yoshikai Y.
    • Journal Title

      Journal of Immunology 181

      Pages: 5940-5947

    • Related Report
      2008 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Presentation] Preferential accumulation of Th1 cells in the joints of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.2010

    • Author(s)
      H.Yamada, A.Oyamada, Y.Yoshikai
    • Organizer
      14th International Congress of Immunology
    • Place of Presentation
      神戸市
    • Year and Date
      2010-08-24
    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Interleukin-15 is critical in the pathogenesis of influenza A virus-induced acute lung injury.2010

    • Author(s)
      R.Nakamura, N.Maeda, O.Noyori, K.Shibata, H.Yamada, Y.Yoshikai
    • Organizer
      14th International Congress of Immunology.
    • Place of Presentation
      神戸市
    • Year and Date
      2010-08-24
    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Preferential accumulation of Th1 cells in the joints of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis2010

    • Author(s)
      H.Yamada, A.Oyamada, Y.Yoshikai
    • Organizer
      14th International Congress of Immunology
    • Place of Presentation
      神戸市
    • Year and Date
      2010-08-24
    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Tyk2 is indispensable for the development of experimental autoimmune disease2010

    • Author(s)
      A.Oyamada, Y.Yoshikai, H.Yamada
    • Organizer
      14th International Congress of Immunology
    • Place of Presentation
      神戸市
    • Year and Date
      2010-08-24
    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Interleukin-15 is critical in the pathogenesis of influenza A virus-induced acute lung injury2010

    • Author(s)
      R.Nakamura, N.Maeda, O.Noyori, K.Shibata, H.Yamada, Y.Yoshikai
    • Organizer
      14th International Congress of Immunology
    • Place of Presentation
      神戸市
    • Year and Date
      2010-08-24
    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] マウスコラーゲン誘導性関節炎におけるTyk2の重要性2010

    • Author(s)
      小山田亜希子、藤村謙次郎、岩本幸英、吉開泰信、山田久方
    • Organizer
      第54回日本リウマチ学会総会・学術集会
    • Place of Presentation
      神戸市
    • Year and Date
      2010-04-24
    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report 2010 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] The basic helix-loop-helix protein HES1は自然発生IL-17産生γδT細胞分化に必要である2010

    • Author(s)
      柴田健輔、山田久方、吉開泰信
    • Organizer
      第21回日本生体防御学会学術総会
    • Place of Presentation
      仙台市
    • Related Report
      2010 Annual Research Report 2010 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] IL-15は自己抗原特異的CD8陽性T細胞の維持と自然免疫機能に重要である2009

    • Author(s)
      山田久方、逸見百江、吉開泰信
    • Organizer
      第39回日本免疫学会総会・学術集会
    • Place of Presentation
      大阪市
    • Year and Date
      2009-12-04
    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report 2009 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] ヒト関節リウマチとTh17細胞2009

    • Author(s)
      山田久方
    • Organizer
      第37回日本臨床免疫学会総会
    • Place of Presentation
      東京都
    • Year and Date
      2009-11-13
    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report 2009 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] IL-15は自己抗原特異的CD8T細胞の維持や機能を制御する2009

    • Author(s)
      逸見百江、吉開泰信、山田久方
    • Organizer
      第20回日本生体防御学会学術総会
    • Place of Presentation
      東京都
    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] 関節リウマチの関節内CD4T細胞サブセットの解析2009

    • Author(s)
      山田久方、中島康晴、岡崎賢、馬渡太郎、福士純一、小山田亜希子、岩本幸英
    • Organizer
      第53回日本リウマチ学会総会・学術集会
    • Place of Presentation
      東京都
    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report 2009 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 自己抗原特異的メモリー型T細胞の骨髄由来細胞による正の選択2008

    • Author(s)
      山田久方、逸見百江、吉開泰信
    • Organizer
      第38回日本免疫学会総会・学術集会
    • Place of Presentation
      京都市
    • Year and Date
      2008-12-01
    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] IL-15 is critical to the development and functions of self-specific memory phenotype CD8 T cells2008

    • Author(s)
      Momoe Itsumi, Yasunobu Yoshikai, Hisakata Yamada
    • Organizer
      第38回日本免疫学会総会・学術集会
    • Place of Presentation
      京都市
    • Year and Date
      2008-12-01
    • Related Report
      2008 Annual Research Report
  • [Remarks] ホームページ等

    • Related Report
      2010 Final Research Report

URL: 

Published: 2008-04-01   Modified: 2016-04-21  

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