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Signal Injection Attack using Photoacoustics and its Countermeasure

Research Project

Project/Area Number 21K11884
Research Category

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)

Allocation TypeMulti-year Fund
Section一般
Review Section Basic Section 60070:Information security-related
Research InstitutionThe University of Electro-Communications

Principal Investigator

Sugawara Takeshi  電気通信大学, 大学院情報理工学研究科, 准教授 (60785236)

Project Period (FY) 2021-04-01 – 2024-03-31
Project Status Completed (Fiscal Year 2023)
Budget Amount *help
¥4,160,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,200,000、Indirect Cost: ¥960,000)
Fiscal Year 2023: ¥780,000 (Direct Cost: ¥600,000、Indirect Cost: ¥180,000)
Fiscal Year 2022: ¥1,690,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,300,000、Indirect Cost: ¥390,000)
Fiscal Year 2021: ¥1,690,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,300,000、Indirect Cost: ¥390,000)
Keywordsセキュリティ / 光音響効果 / レーザー
Outline of Research at the Start

申請者は,先の研究において,レーザーを照射することでマイクに音声信号を挿入し,スマートスピーカーなどに無音で音声コマンド挿入を行うシグナルインジェクション攻撃であるライトコマンドを発見した.本研究では,ライトコマンドを一般化し,光が振動を生じる物理量変換(光音響効果) を伴うシグナルインジェクション攻撃とその対策を研究する.光が振動に変換される物理メカニズムの解明するとともに,また,ライトコマンドを再現するシミュレーションモデルを構築する.また,その結果を対策法と攻撃の両方に応用する.以上により,セキュリティ技術,レーザー応用技術,および MEMS 技術にまたがる学際的な研究領域を創出する

Outline of Final Research Achievements

The main physical mechanisms of Light Commands are identified as (i) thermoelastic bending, (ii) the thermal piston effect, and (iii) the photoelectric effect. We designed an experimental method for finding the contribution of each effects, and evaluated eight commercial MEMS microphones. First, any of the three types of effects can cause the Light Command vulnerability. Second, the internal structure and manufacturing process impact microphones’ light sensitivity, and we observed significant differences between the target microphones. Based on these results, we suggested countermeasures and discussed the possibility of similar attacks in other sensors.

Academic Significance and Societal Importance of the Research Achievements

本研究は,遠隔にいる攻撃者が,音声アシスタントに無音で音声コマンドを挿入する攻撃(ライトコマンド)に関するものである.この脆弱性は,MEMSマイクが意図せず光に感度を持つことによって生じる.本研究成果は,光が振動に変換される物理メカニズムを明らかにした.本成果は,ライトコマンドへの対策構築に必要な基礎を与える.また,同じメカニズムにより脆弱になりうるセンサを先回りして検出することができるようになる.

Report

(4 results)
  • 2023 Annual Research Report   Final Research Report ( PDF )
  • 2022 Research-status Report
  • 2021 Research-status Report
  • Research Products

    (12 results)

All 2024 2023 2022 2021 Other

All Int'l Joint Research (2 results) Journal Article (5 results) (of which Int'l Joint Research: 3 results,  Peer Reviewed: 5 results,  Open Access: 4 results) Presentation (5 results) (of which Invited: 1 results)

  • [Int'l Joint Research] ミシガン大学/ノースイースタン大学(米国)

    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
  • [Int'l Joint Research] ミシガン大学・アナーバー校/フロリダ大学(米国)

    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
  • [Journal Article] How Lasers Exploit Photoacoustic and PhotoelectricPhenomena to Inject Signals into MEMS Microphones2024

    • Author(s)
      Benjamin Cyr, Vedant Sumaria, Yan Long, Srinivas Tadigadapa, Takeshi Sugawara, Kevin Fu
    • Journal Title

      Research Square

      Volume: ---

    • DOI

      10.21203/rs.3.rs-4197809/v1

    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Poster: Inaudible Acoustic Noise from Silicon Capacitors for Voice-Command Injection2023

    • Author(s)
      Kohei Doi and Takeshi Sugawara
    • Journal Title

      2022 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security

      Volume: --- Pages: 3339-3341

    • DOI

      10.1145/3548606.3563526

    • Related Report
      2022 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Position Paper: Space System Threat Models Must Account for Satellite Sensor Spoofing2023

    • Author(s)
      Benjamin Cyr, Yan Long, Takeshi. Sugawara, and Kevin Fu
    • Journal Title

      SpaceSec 2023

      Volume: ---

    • DOI

      10.14722/spacesec.2023.231491

    • Related Report
      2022 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access / Int'l Joint Research
  • [Journal Article] Protecting COVID-19 Vaccine Transportation and Storage from Analog Cybersecurity Threats2021

    • Author(s)
      Long Yan、Rampazzi Sara、Sugawara Takeshi、Fu Kevin
    • Journal Title

      Biomedical Instrumentation & Technology

      Volume: 55 Issue: 3 Pages: 112-117

    • DOI

      10.2345/0890-8205-55.3.112

    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] Why Lasers Inject Perceived Sound Into MEMS Microphones: Indications and Contraindications of Photoacoustic and Photoelectric Effects2021

    • Author(s)
      Cyr Benjamin、Sugawara Takeshi、Fu Kevin
    • Journal Title

      2021 IEEE Sensors

      Volume: 2021 Pages: 1-4

    • DOI

      10.1109/sensors47087.2021.9639744

    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Presentation] アナログ領域でセンサーへ誤情報を挿入する攻撃2023

    • Author(s)
      菅原健
    • Organizer
      ハードウェアセキュリティフォーラム2023
    • Related Report
      2023 Annual Research Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] 自己混合干渉法による安価なレーザー振動計を用いた盗聴攻撃2023

    • Author(s)
      土井康平, 菅原健
    • Organizer
      2023年暗号と情報セキュリティシンポジウム (SCIS2023), 2E3-1, 2023
    • Related Report
      2022 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] ワクチン低温物流に関わる温度センサのアナログサイバーセキュリティ,2022

    • Author(s)
      Yan Long, Sara Rampazzi, 菅原健, Kevin Fu
    • Organizer
      2022年暗号と情報セキュリティシンポジウム (SCIS2022), 3C3-4
    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] レーザー振動計を用いたMLCCからの音響サイドチャネルリークの測定2022

    • Author(s)
      土井康平, 菅原健
    • Organizer
      2022年暗号と情報セキュリティシンポジウム (SCIS2022), 3C3-5
    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] レーザー振動計を用いた音響サイドチャネル攻撃の基礎実験2021

    • Author(s)
      土井康平, 菅原健
    • Organizer
      IEICE 2021年ソサイエティ大会
    • Related Report
      2021 Research-status Report

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Published: 2021-04-28   Modified: 2025-01-30  

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