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Creaton of tablet database and visulalization of its internal structure

Research Project

Project/Area Number 23590053
Research Category

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)

Allocation TypeMulti-year Fund
Section一般
Research Field Physical pharmacy
Research InstitutionHoshi University

Principal Investigator

TAKAYAMA Kozo  星薬科大学, 薬学部, 教授 (00130758)

Project Period (FY) 2011 – 2013
Project Status Completed (Fiscal Year 2013)
Budget Amount *help
¥4,680,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,600,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,080,000)
Fiscal Year 2013: ¥1,040,000 (Direct Cost: ¥800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥240,000)
Fiscal Year 2012: ¥1,040,000 (Direct Cost: ¥800,000、Indirect Cost: ¥240,000)
Fiscal Year 2011: ¥2,600,000 (Direct Cost: ¥2,000,000、Indirect Cost: ¥600,000)
Keywords錠剤データベース / ニューラルネットワーク / 自己組織化マップ / 主薬物性 / 品質特性 / 破壊強度 / 崩壊時間 / 比表面積 / サポートベクターマシン / 製剤特性 / 溶出率 / 硬度 / 溶出時間 / 拡張シンプレックス
Research Abstract

A tablet database was created in order for designing tablet formulations based on the quality by design concept. The contribution of active ingredients (APIs) to tablet properties such as tensile strength and disintegration time was clarified. Before investigating effects of APIs, the tablet base formulation (placebo tablet) was optimized according to an expanded simplex search. The optimal placebo tablet showed sufficient hardness and rapid disintegration. Model tablets were prepared by incorporating each of 14 kinds of active ingredients into the optimal placebo tablet, and then examined the tablet properties, including tensile strength and disintegration time. Based on the experimental data, an ensemble artificial neural network incorporating general regression analysis was conducted. A reliable model of the correlation between the physicochemical properties of the active ingredients and the tablet properties was thus constructed.

Report

(4 results)
  • 2013 Annual Research Report   Final Research Report ( PDF )
  • 2012 Research-status Report
  • 2011 Research-status Report
  • Research Products

    (56 results)

All 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 Other

All Journal Article (25 results) (of which Peer Reviewed: 25 results) Presentation (27 results) Book (3 results) Remarks (1 results)

  • [Journal Article] Prediction of tablet characteristics from residual stress distribution estimated by the finite element method2013

    • Author(s)
      Y. Hayashi, T. Miura, T. Shimada, Y. Onuki, Y. Obata, K. Takayama
    • Journal Title

      J. Pharm. Sci

      Volume: 102 Issue: 10 Pages: 2678-2686

    • DOI

      10.1002/jps.23675

    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report 2013 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Effects of packaging and heat transfer kinetics on drug-product stability during storage under uncontrolled temperature conditions2013

    • Author(s)
      T. Nakamura, T. Yamaji, K. Takayama
    • Journal Title

      J. Pharm. Sci.

      Volume: 102 Issue: 5 Pages: 1495-1503

    • DOI

      10.1002/jps.23486

    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report 2013 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Self-organizing map analysis using multivariate data from theophylline tablets predicted by a thin-plate spline interpolation2013

    • Author(s)
      A. Yasuda, Y. Onuki, Y. Obata, R. Yamamoto, K. Takayama
    • Journal Title

      Chem. Pharm. Bull

      Volume: 61 Pages: 304-309

    • NAID

      130003360736

    • URL

      https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/cpb/61/3/61_c12-00895/_article

    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] A novel approach to establishing the design space for the oral formulation manufacturing process2013

    • Author(s)
      T. Norioka, Y. Hayashi, Y. Onuki, H. Andou, D. Tsunashima, K. Yamashita, K. Takayama
    • Journal Title

      Chem. Pharm. Bull

      Volume: 61 Pages: 39-49

    • NAID

      130003360719

    • URL

      https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/cpb/61/1/61_c12-00743/_article

    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Self-organizing map analysis using multivariate data from theophylline tablets predicted by a thin-plate spline interpolation2013

    • Author(s)
      A. Yasuda, Y. Onuki, Y. Obata, R. Yamamoto, K. Takayama
    • Journal Title

      Chem. Pharm. Bull.

      Volume: 61 Pages: 304-309

    • NAID

      130003360736

    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] A novel approach to establishing the design space for the oral formulation manufacturing process2013

    • Author(s)
      T. Norioka, Y. Hayashi, Y. Onuki, H. Andou, D. Tsunashima, K. Yamashita, K. Takayama
    • Journal Title

      Chem. Pharm. Bull.

      Volume: 61 Pages: 39-49

    • NAID

      130003360719

    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Novel method for constructing a large-scale desing space in lubrication process by using Bayesian estimation based on the reliability of a scale-up rule2012

    • Author(s)
      J. Maeda, T. Suzuki, K. Takayama
    • Journal Title

      Chem. Pharm. Bull

      Volume: 60 Pages: 1155-1163

    • URL

      https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/cpb/60/9/60_c12-00340/_article

    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Novel method to construct large-scale design space in lublication process ultilizing Bayesian estimation based on a small-scale design-of-experiment and small sets of large-scale manufacturing data2012

    • Author(s)
      J. Maeda, T. Suzuki, K. Takayama
    • Journal Title

      Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm.

      Volume: 38 Issue: 12 Pages: 1451-1459

    • DOI

      10.3109/03639045.2011.653790

    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report 2012 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Latent structure analysis of the process variables and pharmaceutical responses of an orally disintegrating tablet2012

    • Author(s)
      Y. Hayashi, E. Oshima, J. Maeda, Y. Onuki, Y. Obata, K. Takayama
    • Journal Title

      Chem. Pharm. Bull

      Volume: 60 Pages: 1419-1425

    • NAID

      130001852385

    • URL

      https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/cpb/60/11/60_c12-00522/_article

    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Menthosomes, novel ultradeformable vesicles for transdermal drug delivery : Optimization and characterization2012

    • Author(s)
      S. Duangjit, Y. Obata, H. Sano, S. Kikuchi, Y. Onuki, P. Opanasopit, T. Ngawhirunpat, Y. Maitani, K. Takayama
    • Journal Title

      Biol. Pharm. Bull

      Volume: 35 Pages: 1720-1728

    • NAID

      130001872364

    • URL

      https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/35/10/35_b12-00343/_article

    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Contribution of the physicochemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients to tablet properties identified by ensemble artificial neural networks and Kohonen's self-organizing maps2012

    • Author(s)
      Y. Onuki, S. Kawai, H. Arai, J. Maeda, K. Takagaki, K. Takayama
    • Journal Title

      J. Pharm. Sci

      Volume: 101 Pages: 2372-2381

    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Relationship between diffusivity of water molecules inside hydrating tablets and their drug release behavior elucidated by magnetic resonance imaging2012

    • Author(s)
      S. Kikuchi, Y. Onuki, H. Kuribayashi, K. Takayama
    • Journal Title

      Chem. Pharm. Bull

      Volume: 60 Pages: 536-542

    • NAID

      130001852446

    • URL

      https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/cpb/60/4/60_4_536/_article

    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] A 5% glucose infusion fluid provokes significant precipitation of phenytoin sodium injection via interruption of the cosolvent effect of propylene glycol2012

    • Author(s)
      Y. Onuki, M. Ikegami-Kawai, K. Ishitsuka, Y. Hayashi, K. Takayama
    • Journal Title

      Chem. Pharm. Bull

      Volume: 60 Pages: 86-93

    • NAID

      130001852352

    • URL

      http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22223379

    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Reliability evaluation of nonlinear design space in pharmaceutical product development2012

    • Author(s)
      Y. Hayashi, S. Kikuchi,Y. Onuki, K. Takayama
    • Journal Title

      J. Pharm. Sci.

      Volume: 101 Issue: 1 Pages: 333-341

    • DOI

      10.1002/jps.22734

    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report 2012 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Novel method for constructing a large-scale desing space in lubrication process by using Bayesian estimation based on the reliability of a scale-up rule2012

    • Author(s)
      J. Maeda, T. Suzuki, K. Takayama
    • Journal Title

      Chem. Pharm. Bull.

      Volume: 60 Pages: 1155-1163

    • Related Report
      2012 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Latent structure analysis of the process variables and pharmaceutical responses of an orally disintegrating tablet2012

    • Author(s)
      Y. Hayashi, E. Oshima, J. Maeda, Y. Onuki, Y. Obata, K. Takayama
    • Journal Title

      Chem. Pharm. Bull.

      Volume: 60 Pages: 1419-1425

    • NAID

      130001852385

    • Related Report
      2012 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Contribution of the physicochemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients to tablet properties identified by ensemble artificial neural networks and Kohonen’s self-organizing maps2012

    • Author(s)
      Y. Onuki, S. Kawai, H. Arai, J. Maeda, K. Takagaki, K. Takayama
    • Journal Title

      J. Pharm. Sci.

      Volume: 101 Issue: 7 Pages: 2372-2381

    • DOI

      10.1002/jps.23134

    • Related Report
      2012 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Relationship between diffusivity of water molecules inside hydrating tablets and their drug release behavior elucidated by magnetic resonance imaging2012

    • Author(s)
      S. Kikuchi, Y. Onuki, H. Kuribayashi, K. Takayama
    • Journal Title

      Chem. Pharm. Bull.

      Volume: 60 Pages: 536-542

    • NAID

      130001852446

    • Related Report
      2012 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] A 5% glucose infusion fluid provokes significant precipitation of phenytoin sodium injection via interruption of the cosolvent effect of propylene glycol2012

    • Author(s)
      Y. Onuki, M. Ikegami-Kawai, K. Ishitsuka, Y. Hayashi, K. Takayama
    • Journal Title

      Chem. Pharm. Bull.

      Volume: 60 Pages: 86-93

    • NAID

      130001852352

    • Related Report
      2012 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Optimization of the manufacturing process for oral formulations using multivariate statistical methods2011

    • Author(s)
      T. Norioka, S. Kikuchi, Y. Onuki, K. Takayama, K. Imai
    • Journal Title

      J. Pharm. Inov

      Volume: 6 Issue: 3 Pages: 157-169

    • DOI

      10.1007/s12247-011-9111-9

    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Reliability evalua- tion of the desing space of the granulation process of mefenamic acid tablets using a bootstrap resampling technique2011

    • Author(s)
      Arai, T. Suzuki, S. Yada, C. Kaseda, Y. Onuki, K. Takayama
    • Journal Title

      Chem. Pharm. Bull

      Volume: 59 Pages: 608-617

    • URL

      https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/cpb/59/5/59_5_608/_article

    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Latent structure analysis in pharmaceutical formula- tions using Kohonen's self-organizing map and a Bayesian Network2011

    • Author(s)
      S. Kikuchi, Y. Onuki, A. Yasuda, Y. Hayashi, K. Takayama
    • Journal Title

      J. Pharm. Sci

      Volume: 100 Issue: 3 Pages: 964-975

    • DOI

      10.1002/jps.22340

    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Modeling of latent structure of indomethacin solid dispersion tablet using Bayesian networks2011

    • Author(s)
      Y. Hayashi, S. Kikuchi, K. Takayama
    • Journal Title

      Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy

      Volume: 37 Pages: 1290-1297

    • Related Report
      2011 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Reliability evaluation of the desing space of the granulation process of mefenamic acid tablets using a bootstrap resampling technique2011

    • Author(s)
      H. Arai, T. Suzuki, S. Yada, C. Kaseda, Y. Onuki, K. Takayama
    • Journal Title

      Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin

      Volume: 59 Pages: 608-617

    • Related Report
      2011 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Latent structure analysis in pharmaceutical formulations using Kohonen’s self-organizing map and a Bayesian Network2011

    • Author(s)
      S. Kikuchi, Y. Onuki, A. Yasuda, Y. Hayashi, K. Takayama
    • Journal Title

      Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

      Volume: 100 Pages: 964-975

    • Related Report
      2011 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Presentation] EGOによるテオフィリン含有口腔内崩壊錠の最適設計2014

    • Author(s)
      大嶋英津子、林祥弘、今西祐、西口純也、綛田長生、西村順二、高山幸三
    • Organizer
      日本薬学会第134年会
    • Place of Presentation
      熊本
    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] SVMおよび GRNN による錠剤特性の高精度予測2014

    • Author(s)
      谷口真歩、林祥弘、前田仁、大貫義則、小幡誉子、高山幸三
    • Organizer
      日本薬学会第134年会
    • Place of Presentation
      熊本
    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 設計変数 -残留応力分布 -製剤特性間の相関モデルの同定2014

    • Author(s)
      林祥弘、三浦孝宏、乙黒沙織、大貫義則、小幡誉子、高山幸三
    • Organizer
      日本薬学会第134年会
    • Place of Presentation
      熊本
    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation]2013

    • Author(s)
      上原直人,岡田信人,林祥弘,大貫義則,小幡誉子,高山幸三
    • Organizer
      第19回創剤フォーラム若手研究会
    • Place of Presentation
      千葉
    • Year and Date
      2013-12-07
    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation]2013

    • Author(s)
      乙黒沙織,松本智徳,林祥弘,大貫義則,小幡誉子,高山幸三
    • Organizer
      第19回創剤フォーラム若手研究会
    • Place of Presentation
      千葉
    • Year and Date
      2013-12-07
    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] 湿式顆粒圧縮法により製した錠剤における設計変数-顆粒物性-錠剤特性の構造分析2013

    • Author(s)
      上原直人,林祥弘,大貫義則,小幡誉子,高山幸三
    • Organizer
      日本薬学会133年会
    • Place of Presentation
      横浜
    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] イブプロフェン固体分散体製剤の調製と評価2013

    • Author(s)
      乙黒沙織,林祥弘,大貫義則,小幡誉子,高山幸三
    • Organizer
      日本薬学会133年会
    • Place of Presentation
      横浜
    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] 錠剤製造工程がDrucker-Prager Capモデルに及ぼす影響2013

    • Author(s)
      林祥弘,三浦孝広,松永大典,島田泰拓,大貫義則,小幡誉子,高山幸三
    • Organizer
      日本薬学会133年会
    • Place of Presentation
      横浜
    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] ベイズ推定を活用した効率的なデザインスペース構築手法2013

    • Author(s)
      前田仁,鈴木達也,高山幸三
    • Organizer
      日本薬学会133年会
    • Place of Presentation
      横浜
    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] 錠剤処方データベースの構築とその内部構造分析2013

    • Author(s)
      谷口真歩,林祥弘,前田仁,大貫義則,小幡誉子,高山幸三
    • Organizer
      日本薬学会133年会
    • Place of Presentation
      横浜
    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] 製造工程変数が錠剤内残留応力分布に及ぼす影響2013

    • Author(s)
      林祥弘,三浦孝広,松永大典,島田泰拓,大貫義則,小幡誉子,高山幸三
    • Organizer
      日本薬剤学会第28年会
    • Place of Presentation
      名古屋
    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report 2013 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] 打錠用杵の表面処理によるスティッキング現象の改善2013

    • Author(s)
      上原直人,林祥弘,湯汲省吾,島田泰拓,國次真輔,大貫義則,小幡誉子,高山幸三
    • Organizer
      製剤機械技術学会第23回大会
    • Place of Presentation
      東京
    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report 2013 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] テラヘルツイメージングによる錠剤内密度分布の評価2013

    • Author(s)
      林祥弘,高桑真樹,入澤昭好,今村元規,小幡誉子,大貫義則,高山幸三
    • Organizer
      第30回製剤と粒子設計シンポジウム
    • Place of Presentation
      岐阜
    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report 2013 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] 形状の違いによる錠剤内応力分布の変化2013

    • Author(s)
      乙黒沙織,林祥弘,三浦孝宏,小幡誉子,大貫義則,高山幸三
    • Organizer
      第30回製剤と粒子設計シンポジウム
    • Place of Presentation
      岐阜
    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report 2013 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Prediction of tablet characteistics from residual stress distribution estimated by the finite element method2013

    • Author(s)
      Y. Hayashi, T. Miura, Y. Onuki, Y. Obata, K. Takayama
    • Organizer
      3rd Conference on Innovation in Drug Delivery : Advances in Local Drug Delivery
    • Place of Presentation
      ピサ(イタリア)
    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] テオフィリン錠をモデルとした処方最適化のための追加実験点の効率的探索2013

    • Author(s)
      大嶋英津子、林祥弘、今西祐、西口純也、綛田長生、西村順二、高山幸三
    • Organizer
      日本薬剤学会第28年会
    • Place of Presentation
      名古屋
    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 自己組織化マップを利用した錠剤処方データベースの内部構造の可視化2012

    • Author(s)
      菊地伸吾,川合翔太,荒井宏明,大貫義則,高山幸三
    • Organizer
      日本薬学会第132年会
    • Place of Presentation
      札幌
    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] 口腔内崩壊錠における設計変数-顆粒物性-錠剤特性の構造分析2012

    • Author(s)
      林祥弘,菊地伸吾,大嶋英津子,谷口真歩,高山幸三
    • Organizer
      日本薬学会第132年会
    • Place of Presentation
      札幌
    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] 有限要素法による錠剤内応力分布の推定2012

    • Author(s)
      林祥弘,三浦孝広,松永大典,島田泰拓,高山幸三
    • Organizer
      日本薬剤学会第27年会
    • Place of Presentation
      神戸
    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report 2012 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] 錠剤処方データベースの構築とサポートベクターマシンによる特性予測2012

    • Author(s)
      谷口真歩,林祥弘,前田仁,大貫義則,小幡誉子,高山幸三
    • Organizer
      日本薬剤学会第27年会
    • Place of Presentation
      神戸
    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report 2012 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Novel method to construct large-scale design space in lubrication process utilizing Bayesian estimation based on a small-scale design-of-experiment and small sets of large-scale manufacturing data2012

    • Author(s)
      J. Maeda, T. Suzuki, K. Takayama
    • Organizer
      AAPS Annual Meeting and Exposition
    • Place of Presentation
      Chicago, U.S.A.
    • Related Report
      2012 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] 計量化学的技術の製剤設計への応用~口腔内崩壊錠における製造工程の最適化および設計変数-顆粒物性-錠剤特性の構造分析~2012

    • Author(s)
      林祥弘、菊地伸吾、大貫義則、小幡誉子、高山幸三
    • Organizer
      日本薬剤学会第27年会
    • Place of Presentation
      神戸
    • Related Report
      2012 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Bootstrap法を用いたメフェナム酸錠の攪拌造粒条件デザインスペースの信頼性評価2011

    • Author(s)
      荒井宏明,鈴木達也,矢田修一,脇山尚樹,綛田長生,大貫義則,高山幸三
    • Organizer
      日本薬剤学会第26年会
    • Place of Presentation
      東京
    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] Evaluation of reliability of border on design space estimated by nonlinear response surface method2011

    • Author(s)
      Y. Hayashi, S. Kikuchi, Y. Onuki, K Takayama
    • Organizer
      2011 AAPS Annual Meeting and Exposition
    • Place of Presentation
      Washington DC
    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report
  • [Presentation] rug release mechanism of sustained-release tablet formulations containing Diltiazem hydrochloride using magnetic resonance imaging2011

    • Author(s)
      S. Kikuchi, Y. Onuki, H. Kuribayashi, K. Takayama
    • Organizer
      AAPS Annual Meeting and Exposition
    • Place of Presentation
      Washington DC, USA
    • Related Report
      2011 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Evaluation of reliability of border on design space estimated by nonlinear response surface method2011

    • Author(s)
      Y. Hayashi, S.Kikuchi, Y. Onuki, K. Takayama
    • Organizer
      AAPS Annual Meeting and Exposition
    • Place of Presentation
      Washington DC, USA
    • Related Report
      2011 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Novel Statistical Approach in Pharmaceutical Formulation Development2010

    • Author(s)
      K. Takayama
    • Organizer
      FIP PSWC/AAPS Annual Meeting(招待講演)
    • Place of Presentation
      ew Orleans, Louisiana, USA
    • Related Report
      2011 Research-status Report
  • [Book] ドラッグデリバリーシステム第2章量的制御,高分子学会(編)2012

    • Author(s)
      高山幸三
    • Publisher
      共立出版
    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report
  • [Book] The Drug Delivery System-薬学が語るDDSの世界-,米谷芳枝(編),第3章放出制御の基礎と実際2012

    • Author(s)
      高山幸三
    • Publisher
      京都廣川書店
    • Related Report
      2013 Final Research Report
  • [Book] ドラッグデリバリーシステム 第2章 量的制御2012

    • Author(s)
      高山 幸三
    • Publisher
      共立出版
    • Related Report
      2012 Research-status Report
  • [Remarks] 薬剤学教室ホームページ

    • URL

      http://polaris.hoshi.ac.jp/kyoshitsu/yakuzai/index.htm

    • Related Report
      2013 Annual Research Report

URL: 

Published: 2011-08-05   Modified: 2019-07-29  

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