| Budget Amount *help |
¥4,030,000 (Direct Cost: ¥3,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥930,000)
Fiscal Year 2013: ¥780,000 (Direct Cost: ¥600,000、Indirect Cost: ¥180,000)
Fiscal Year 2012: ¥1,430,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,100,000、Indirect Cost: ¥330,000)
Fiscal Year 2011: ¥1,820,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,400,000、Indirect Cost: ¥420,000)
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| Research Abstract |
Configurations of political parties have an effect on frequencies of divided government in Germany and Japan. Under the Conservative's dominance, the divided governments did not appear so often. When the party systems became more fragmented, divided governments appeared more frequently. The legislation process under divided governments differed in Japan and Germany. In Germany, the opposition parties tend to vote for the government-sponsored bills under the divided governments than the unified governments. On the contrary, Japanese opposition parties, exploiting their blockade power in the House of Councilors, incline to block passage of government-sponsored bills.
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