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Development of new functional biomaterials with femtosecond laser

Research Project

Project/Area Number 25420777
Research Category

Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)

Allocation TypeMulti-year Fund
Section一般
Research Field Material processing/Microstructural control engineering
Research InstitutionOsaka University

Principal Investigator

TSUKAMOTO MASAHIRO  大阪大学, 接合科学研究所, 准教授 (90273713)

Project Period (FY) 2013-04-01 – 2016-03-31
Project Status Completed (Fiscal Year 2015)
Budget Amount *help
¥5,200,000 (Direct Cost: ¥4,000,000、Indirect Cost: ¥1,200,000)
Fiscal Year 2015: ¥910,000 (Direct Cost: ¥700,000、Indirect Cost: ¥210,000)
Fiscal Year 2014: ¥1,300,000 (Direct Cost: ¥1,000,000、Indirect Cost: ¥300,000)
Fiscal Year 2013: ¥2,990,000 (Direct Cost: ¥2,300,000、Indirect Cost: ¥690,000)
Keywordsフェムト秒レーザー / 酸化チタン膜 / エアロゾルビーム / 周期的微細構造 / 偏光制御 / 生体適合性 / 細胞試験
Outline of Final Research Achievements

Periodic nanostructures on TiO2 film were formed using a femtosecond laser with wavelengths of 258 nm (third harmonics), 388 nm (second harmonics) and 775 nm (fundamental), respectively. When the TiO2 film was irradiated with the femtosecond laser at 388 nm, the nanostructures with the period of 132 nm, 17 % of the fundamental wavelength of the femtosecond laser, was produced. Influence of the periodicity of the nanostructures on cell spreading was investigated. By changing the direction of the grooves of the nanostructures, cell spreading could be controlled. Effect of the curvature radius of the nanostructures’ grooves on cell spreading was also investigated.

Report

(4 results)
  • 2015 Annual Research Report   Final Research Report ( PDF )
  • 2014 Research-status Report
  • 2013 Research-status Report
  • Research Products

    (48 results)

All 2016 2015 2014 Other

All Journal Article (9 results) (of which Peer Reviewed: 8 results,  Open Access: 1 results) Presentation (39 results) (of which Int'l Joint Research: 6 results,  Invited: 2 results)

  • [Journal Article] Femtosecond laser-induced periodic nanostructure creation on PET surface for controlling of cell spreading2016

    • Author(s)
      Yuji Sato, Masahiro Tsukamoto, Togo Shinonaga, Takuya Kawa
    • Journal Title

      Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing

      Volume: 122 Issue: 3 Pages: 184-184

    • DOI

      10.1007/s00339-016-9716-4

    • Related Report
      2015 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Cell spreading on titanium periodic nanostructures with periods of 200 nm, 300 nm and 600 nm produced by femtosecond laser irradiation2016

    • Author(s)
      M. Tsukamoto, T. Kawa, T. Shinonaga, P. Chen, A. Nagai, T. Hanawa
    • Journal Title

      Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing

      Volume: 122 Issue: 2 Pages: 120-120

    • DOI

      10.1007/s00339-016-9626-5

    • Related Report
      2015 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Effect of Periodic Nanostructures Produced with Femtosecond Laser for Wavelength of 388 and 775 nm on Cell Spreading2015

    • Author(s)
      篠永東吾,塚本雅裕,陳 鵬,塙 隆夫
    • Journal Title

      IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials

      Volume: 135 Issue: 10 Pages: 587-591

    • DOI

      10.1541/ieejfms.135.587

    • NAID

      130005101521

    • ISSN
      0385-4205, 1347-5533
    • Related Report
      2015 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] 細胞伸展制御のためのPETフィルム表面へのナノ周期構造の形成2015

    • Author(s)
      佐藤 雄二,塚本 雅裕,篠永 東吾,原 一之,河 拓弥,笹木 隆一郎
    • Journal Title

      レーザー学会誌

      Volume: 43 Pages: 772-776

    • NAID

      130007957182

    • Related Report
      2015 Annual Research Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Formation of periodic nanostructures using a femtosecond laser to control cell spreading on titanium2015

    • Author(s)
      T. Shinonaga, M. Tsukamoto, T. Kawa, P. Chen, A. Nagai, T. Hanawa
    • Journal Title

      Applied Physics B Lasers and Optics

      Volume: online Issue: 3 Pages: 587-591

    • DOI

      10.1007/s00340-015-6082-4

    • Related Report
      2014 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Periodic nanostructures on titanium dioxide film produced using femtosecond laser with wavelengths of 388 and 775 nm2014

    • Author(s)
      T. Shinonaga, M. Tsukamoto and G. Miyaji
    • Journal Title

      Optics Express

      Volume: Vol. 22, No. 12 Issue: 12 Pages: 14696-14704

    • DOI

      10.1364/oe.22.014696

    • Related Report
      2014 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed / Open Access
  • [Journal Article] 細胞伸展制御のためのフェムト秒レーザを用いた表面構造制御2014

    • Author(s)
      篠永 東吾、塚本 雅裕
    • Journal Title

      レーザ加工学会誌

      Volume: 21 Pages: 147-151

    • Related Report
      2014 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Journal Article] Variation of Cell Spreading on Titanium Dioxide Film by Periodic Nanostructures Formation with Femtosecond Laser2014

    • Author(s)
      T. Shinonaga, M. Tsukamoto, C. Peng, A. Nagai and T. Hanawa
    • Journal Title

      Trans. JWRI

      Volume: 43 Pages: 7-10

    • NAID

      120005588201

    • Related Report
      2014 Research-status Report
  • [Journal Article] Cell spreading on titanium dioxide film formed and modified with aerosol beam and femtosecond laser2014

    • Author(s)
      T. Shinonaga, M. Tsukamoto, A. Nagai, K. Yamashita,T. Hanawa, N. Matsushita, G. Xie, N. Abe
    • Journal Title

      Applied Surface Science

      Volume: 288 Pages: 649-653

    • Related Report
      2013 Research-status Report
    • Peer Reviewed
  • [Presentation] フェムト秒レーザ誘起ナノ周期構造による細胞伸展制御 ― 酸素雰囲気がナノ周期構造表面の濡れ性に与える影響 ―2016

    • Author(s)
      三宅 正誉志、河 拓弥、中畔 哲也、大賀 隆寛、福永 二三佳、佐藤 雄二、塚本 雅裕
    • Organizer
      第84回レーザ加工学会
    • Place of Presentation
      名古屋
    • Year and Date
      2016-01-19
    • Related Report
      2015 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] フェムト秒レーザー誘起周期的微細構造 における雰囲気依存性2016

    • Author(s)
      河 拓弥, 塚本 雅裕, 佐藤 雄二, 橋田 昌樹, 三宅 正誉志, 大賀 隆寛, 福永 二三佳
    • Organizer
      レーザー学会第36回年次大会
    • Place of Presentation
      名古屋
    • Year and Date
      2016-01-09
    • Related Report
      2015 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 細胞伸展方向制御のためのフェムト秒レーザーを用いたPET表面への周期的微細構造形成2016

    • Author(s)
      大賀隆寛, 塚本雅裕, 佐藤雄二, 河拓弥, 三宅正誉志, 中畔哲也, 福永二三佳
    • Organizer
      レーザー学会第36回年次大会
    • Place of Presentation
      名古屋
    • Year and Date
      2016-01-09
    • Related Report
      2015 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] フェムト秒レーザー照射によって形成されたチタン基板上の溝の曲率に依存した細胞伸展方向の変化2016

    • Author(s)
      福永ニ三佳 河拓弥 三宅正誉志 中畔哲也 大賀隆寛 塚本雅裕 佐藤雄二 小川圭二
    • Organizer
      レーザー学会第36回年次大会
    • Place of Presentation
      名古屋
    • Year and Date
      2016-01-09
    • Related Report
      2015 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] フェムト秒レーザ誘起ナノ周期構造による細胞伸展制御 ― 酸素雰囲気がナノ周期構造表面の濡れ性に与える影響 ―2015

    • Author(s)
      三宅 正誉志
    • Organizer
      平成27年度 三研究室 合同研究発表会
    • Place of Presentation
      京都
    • Year and Date
      2015-12-15
    • Related Report
      2015 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 細胞伸展方向制御のためのフェムト秒レーザーを用いたPET表面への周期的微細構造形成2015

    • Author(s)
      大賀 隆寛
    • Organizer
      平成27年度 三研究室 合同研究発表会
    • Place of Presentation
      京都
    • Year and Date
      2015-12-15
    • Related Report
      2015 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] The cell spreading on Ti plate surface with microstructures formed by femtosecond and nanosecond lase2015

    • Author(s)
      Tetsuya Nakaaze, Masahiro Tsukamoto, Yuji Sato, Takuya Kawa, Masayoshi Miyake, Peng Chen, Akiko Nagai, Takao Hanawa
    • Organizer
      International Symposium on EcoTopia Science 2015(ISETS''15)
    • Place of Presentation
      Nagoya,Japan
    • Year and Date
      2015-11-28
    • Related Report
      2015 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Influence of microstructures formed by femtosecond laser ablationunder vacuum and air on cell spreading2015

    • Author(s)
      Masayoshi Miyake, Masahiro Tsukamoto, Yuji Sato, Takuya Kawa, Tetsuya Nakaaze, Akiko Nagai, Peng Chen, Takao Hanawa
    • Organizer
      International Symposium on EcoTopia Science 2015(ISETS''15)
    • Place of Presentation
      Nagoya,Japan
    • Year and Date
      2015-11-28
    • Related Report
      2015 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] 細胞伸展制御のためのフェムト秒レーザ照射による周期的微細 構造形成2015

    • Author(s)
      塚本 雅裕, 河 拓弥, 篠永 東吾, 陳 鵬, 永井 亜希子, 塙 隆夫, 黒田 健介
    • Organizer
      特異構造金属・無機融合高機能材料開発共同研究プロジェクト 第6回研究所連携プロジェクト公開討論会
    • Place of Presentation
      仙台
    • Year and Date
      2015-11-20
    • Related Report
      2015 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] 雰囲気制御下におけるチタン基板へのフェムト秒レーザーアブレーション2015

    • Author(s)
      三宅正誉志,塚本雅裕,佐藤雄二,河拓弥,中畔哲也,陳鵬,永井 亜 希子, 塙 隆夫
    • Organizer
      応用物理学会 2015年度 講演会(秋)
    • Place of Presentation
      名古屋
    • Year and Date
      2015-09-13
    • Related Report
      2015 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] フェムト秒レーザにより形成されたナノ及びマイクロ周期構造の細胞伸展への影響2015

    • Author(s)
      中畔 哲也,塚本 雅裕,篠永 東吾,佐藤 雄二,河 拓弥,陳 鵬,永井 亜希子
    • Organizer
      (一社)溶接学会 平成27年度秋季全国大会
    • Place of Presentation
      札幌
    • Year and Date
      2015-09-03
    • Related Report
      2015 Annual Research Report
  • [Presentation] Periodic Nanostructures Produced on Ti Substrate with Femtosecond Laser for Controlling of Cell Spreading in Multi Direction2015

    • Author(s)
      T. Kawa, M. Tsukamoto, T. Shinonaga, P. Chen, A. Nagai, T. Hanawa
    • Organizer
      The 13th Conference on Laser Ablation (COLA-2015)
    • Place of Presentation
      Cairns, Australia
    • Year and Date
      2015-09-03
    • Related Report
      2015 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Femtosecond laser induced periodic nano-structure on PET surface for controlling of cell elongation2015

    • Author(s)
      Yuji Sato, Masahiro Tsukamoto, Togo Shinonaga, Takuya Kawa
    • Organizer
      The 13th Conference on Laser Ablation (COLA-2015)
    • Place of Presentation
      Cairns, Australia
    • Year and Date
      2015-08-31
    • Related Report
      2015 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Control of Cell Elongation on Titanium Materials by Femtosecond Laser Irradiation2015

    • Author(s)
      M. Tsukamoto, T. Shinonaga, T. Kawa, P. Chen, A. Nagai, T. Hanawa
    • Organizer
      The 6th International Symposium on Advanced Materials Development and Integration of Novel Structured Metallic and Inorganic Materials (AMDI-6)
    • Place of Presentation
      Tokyo, Japan
    • Year and Date
      2015-06-09
    • Related Report
      2015 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] Control of Cell Spreading on Ti Substrate with Periodic Nanostructures Formed by Femtosecond Laser Irradiation2015

    • Author(s)
      T. Kawa, M. Tsukamoto, T. Shinonaga, P. Chen, A.Nagai, T. Hanawa
    • Organizer
      The 7th International Congress on Laser Advanced Materials Processing, (LAMP2015)
    • Place of Presentation
      Kitakyushu, Japan
    • Year and Date
      2015-05-27
    • Related Report
      2015 Annual Research Report
    • Int'l Joint Research
  • [Presentation] フェムト秒レーザー照射による周期的微細構造形成がチタン基板上の細胞伸展に与える効果2015

    • Author(s)
      "河 拓弥,塚本 雅裕,篠永 東吾,原 一之,宮川 和也,徐 賢先,
    • Organizer
      第62回応用物理学会春季学術講演会
    • Place of Presentation
      東海大学平塚校舎(神奈川)
    • Year and Date
      2015-03-11
    • Related Report
      2014 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] 細胞伸展方向制御のためのフェムト秒レーザを用いた純Ti基板への周期的微細構造形成2015

    • Author(s)
      河拓弥,塚本雅裕,篠永東吾,原一之,宮川和也,徐賢先,陳鵬,永井亜希子,塙隆夫
    • Organizer
      第82回レーザ加工学会講演会
    • Place of Presentation
      産総研臨海副都心センター(東京)
    • Year and Date
      2015-01-13
    • Related Report
      2014 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] フェムト秒レーザー照射によりTi上に形成したナノ及びマイクロ周期構造の細胞伸展への影響2015

    • Author(s)
      宮川 和也,塚本 雅裕,篠永 東吾,河 拓弥,陳 鵬,永井 亜希子,塙 隆夫
    • Organizer
      第35回レーザー学会学術講演会年次大会
    • Place of Presentation
      東海大学高輪校舎(東京)
    • Year and Date
      2015-01-12
    • Related Report
      2014 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Periodic nanostructures produced with femtosecond laser for control of cell spreading2014

    • Author(s)
      T. Shinonaga, M. Tsukamoto, P. Chen, A. Nagai, T. Hanawa
    • Organizer
      The 5th International Symposium on Advanced Materials Development and Integration of Novel Structured Metallic and Inorganic Materials(AMDI-5)
    • Place of Presentation
      東京医科歯科大学(東京)
    • Year and Date
      2014-11-19
    • Related Report
      2014 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] フェムト秒レーザー照射で形成された周期的ナノ構造を用いた細胞伸展制御2014

    • Author(s)
      塚本雅裕
    • Organizer
      第15回光量子科学研究シンポジウム
    • Place of Presentation
      JAEA関西光科学研究所(京都)
    • Year and Date
      2014-11-14
    • Related Report
      2014 Research-status Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] Effect of periodic nanostructures produced with femtosecond laser on cell spreading2014

    • Author(s)
      T. Shinonaga, M. Tsukamoto, K. Miyagawa, K. Hara, T. Kawa, P. Chen, A. Nagai, T. Hanawa
    • Organizer
      The 33rd International Congress on Applications of Lasers & Electro-Optics(ICALEO 2014)
    • Place of Presentation
      San Diego, USA
    • Year and Date
      2014-10-22
    • Related Report
      2014 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Femtosecond laser induced periodic nanostructures and microstructures on Ti plate for control of cell spreading2014

    • Author(s)
      Kazuya Miyagawa, Masahiro Tsukamoto, Togo Shinonaga, Kazuyuki Hara, Peng Chen, Akiko Nagai, Takao Hanawa
    • Organizer
      The 33rd International Congress on Applications of Lasers & Electro-Optics(ICALEO 2014)
    • Place of Presentation
      San Diego, USA
    • Year and Date
      2014-10-22
    • Related Report
      2014 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Controlling Cell Spreading on TiO2 film modified with Femtosecond Laser2014

    • Author(s)
      T. Shinonaga, M. Tsukamoto, K. Miyagawa, K. Hara, P. Chen, A. Nagai, T. Hanawa
    • Organizer
      The 15th International Symposium on Laser Precision Microfabrication (LPM 2014)
    • Place of Presentation
      Vilnius, Lithuania
    • Year and Date
      2014-06-18
    • Related Report
      2014 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Biocompatibility of Titanium Dioxide Film Irradiated with Femtosecond Laser2014

    • Author(s)
      M. Tsukamoto, T. Shinonaga, P. Chen, A. Nagai and T. Hanawa
    • Organizer
      The 13th International Ceramics Congress 2014(CIMTEC2014)
    • Place of Presentation
      Montecatini Terme, Italy
    • Year and Date
      2014-06-13
    • Related Report
      2014 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] 雰囲気制御下フェムト秒レーザ照射によるSi基板上への周期的微細構造形成2014

    • Author(s)
      河拓弥、塚本雅裕、佐藤雄二、篠永東吾、原一之
    • Organizer
      第81回レーザ加工学会講演会
    • Place of Presentation
      大阪大学(大阪)
    • Year and Date
      2014-05-27
    • Related Report
      2014 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] フェムト秒レーザを用いた酸化チタン膜上への周期的微細構造形成による細胞伸展方向変化

    • Author(s)
      篠永 東吾、塚本雅裕、永井 亜希子、山下 仁大、塙 隆夫、松下 伸広、謝 国強、阿部信行
    • Organizer
      レーザ加工学会第79回
    • Place of Presentation
      大阪
    • Related Report
      2013 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Cell Spreading on Titanium Dioxide Film with Periodic Nanostructures Produced by Femtosecond Laser Irradiation

    • Author(s)
      T. Shinonaga, M. Tsukamoto, Y. Ito, A. Nagai, K. Yamashita, T. Hanawa,N. Matsushita, X. Guoqiang and N. Abe
    • Organizer
      LAMP2013
    • Place of Presentation
      Niigata,Japan
    • Related Report
      2013 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] 酸化チタン膜の生体適合性に対するフェムト秒レーザを用いた周期的微細構造形成の効果

    • Author(s)
      篠永 東吾,塚本 雅裕,西井 諒介,永井 亜希子,山下 仁大,塙 隆夫,松下 伸広,謝 国強,阿部 信行
    • Organizer
      (一社)溶接学会 平成25年度秋季全国大会
    • Place of Presentation
      岡山
    • Related Report
      2013 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] フェムト秒レーザを用いた周期的微細構造形成によるチタン材料の生体適合性向上

    • Author(s)
      伊藤雄一郎, 塚本 雅裕 篠永 東吾,宮川 和也,陳 鵬,永井 亜希子,山下 仁大,松下 伸広,謝 国強,塙 隆夫
    • Organizer
      (一社)溶接学会 平成25年度秋季全国大
    • Place of Presentation
      岡山
    • Related Report
      2013 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] TiO2 膜上の細胞伸展におけるフェムト秒レーザーを用いた周期的微細構造形成の効果

    • Author(s)
      篠永 東吾,塚本 雅裕,宮川 和也,伊藤 雄一郎,陳 鵬,永井 亜希子,塙 隆夫
    • Organizer
      応用物理学会(2013年秋)
    • Place of Presentation
      京都
    • Related Report
      2013 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] フェムト秒レーザー照射による生体適合性向上のためのチタン材への周期的微細構造形成

    • Author(s)
      宮川和也, 塚本雅裕, 篠永東吾, 伊藤 雄一郎, 陳 鵬, 永井亜希子, 塙 隆夫
    • Organizer
      応用物理学会(2013年秋)
    • Place of Presentation
      京都
    • Related Report
      2013 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Biocompatibility of titanium dioxide film modified by femtosecond laser irradiation

    • Author(s)
      M. Tsukamoto, T. Shinonaga, A. Nagai, K. Yamashita, T. Hanawa, N. Matsushita, X. Guoqiang and N. Abe
    • Organizer
      THERMEC2013 (the 8th international conference on advanced materials)
    • Place of Presentation
      Las Vegas, USA
    • Related Report
      2013 Research-status Report
    • Invited
  • [Presentation] TiO2膜上に形成したフェムト秒レーザー誘起ナノ周期構造の細胞伸展への影響

    • Author(s)
      宮川和也、塚本雅裕、篠永東吾、伊藤雄一郎、陳鵬、永井亜希子、塙隆夫
    • Organizer
      レーザ加工学会第80回
    • Place of Presentation
      東京
    • Related Report
      2013 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Improving the Biocompatibility of TiO2 Film Formed and Modified with Aerosol Beam and Femtosecond Laser

    • Author(s)
      Togo Shinonaga, Masahiro Tsukamoto, Yuichiro Ito, Kazuya Miyagawa. Peng Chen, Akiko Nagai, Takao Hanawa
    • Organizer
      ISETS '13 and AMDI-4
    • Place of Presentation
      Nagoya,Japan
    • Related Report
      2013 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Improving biocompatibility of titanium by periodic nanostructure formation with femtosecond laser

    • Author(s)
      Yuichiro Ito,Masahiro Tsukamoto,Togo Shinonaga ,Kazuya Miyagawa,Peng Chen,Akiko Nagai,Takao Hanawa
    • Organizer
      ISETS '13 and AMDI-4
    • Place of Presentation
      Nagoya,Japan
    • Related Report
      2013 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] チタンの生体適合性に対するフェムト秒レーザー用いた周期的微細構造形成の効果

    • Author(s)
      伊藤 雄一郎,塚本 雅裕,篠永 東吾,宮川 和也,原 一之, 陳 鵬,永井 亜希子,塙 隆夫
    • Organizer
      レーザー学会学術講演会第34回年次大会
    • Place of Presentation
      北九州
    • Related Report
      2013 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] Variation of cell spreading on TiO2 film modified by 775 nm and 388 nm femtosecond laser irradiation

    • Author(s)
      Masahiro Tsukamoto, Togo Shinonaga, Yuji Sato, Peng Chen, Akiko Nagai and Takao Hanawa
    • Organizer
      SPIE PhotonicsWest2014
    • Place of Presentation
      San Francisco, CA, USA
    • Related Report
      2013 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] フェムト秒レーザー照射により形成した周期的微細構造の周期がTiO2膜上の細胞進展に与える影響

    • Author(s)
      篠永 東吾, 塚本 雅裕, 宮川 和也, 原 一之, 伊藤 雄一郎, 陳 鵬, 永井 亜希子, 塙 隆夫
    • Organizer
      応用物理学会(2014年春)
    • Place of Presentation
      神奈川
    • Related Report
      2013 Research-status Report
  • [Presentation] フェムト秒レーザー照射によりTiO2膜上に形成したナノ及びマイクロ周期構造の細胞進展への影響

    • Author(s)
      宮川和也, 塚本 雅裕, 篠永 東吾, 原 一之, 伊藤 雄一郎, 陳 鵬, 永井 亜希子, 塙 隆夫
    • Organizer
      応用物理学会(2014年春)
    • Place of Presentation
      神奈川
    • Related Report
      2013 Research-status Report

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Published: 2014-07-25   Modified: 2019-07-29  

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